Front Matter

CONTENTS OF VOL. 155. I. On the Spectra of Ignited Gases and Vapours, with especial regard to the different Spectra of the same elementary gaseous substance. By Dr. J. Plücker, of Bonn, For. Memb. R.S., and Dr. J. W. Hittorf, of Münster . . . . . . page 1 II. On the Osteology of the genus Glyptodon. By Thomas H. Huxley, F.R.S. . . . 31 III. Investigations of the Specific Heat of Solid Bodies. By Hermann Kopp. Communicated by T. Graham, Esq., F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 IV. On the Composition of Sea-water in the different parts of the Ocean. By Georg Forchhammer, Professor at the University, and Director of the Polytechnic Institution at Copenhagen. Communicated by the President . . . . . . . . 203 V. On the Magnetic Character of the Armour-plated Ships of the Royal Navy, and on the Effect on the Compass of particular arrangements of Iron in a Ship. By Frederick John Evans, Esq., Staff Commander R.N., F.R.S., Superintendent of the Compass Department of Her Majesty's Navy; and Archibald Smith, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, Corresponding Member of the Scientific Committee of the Imperial Russian Navy . . . . . . . . 263 VI. On some Foraminifera from the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, including Davis Straits and Baffin's Bay. By W. Kitchen Parker, F.Z.S., and Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.G.S. Communicated by Professor Huxley, F.R.S. . . . 325 VII. New Observations upon the Minute Anatomy of the Papillae of the Frog's Tongue. By Lionel S. Beale, M.B., F.R.S., Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Professor of Physiology and of General and Morbid Anatomy in King's College, London; Physician to King's College Hospital, &c. . . . . . . . . . 443 VIII. A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. By J. Clerk Maxwell, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 IX. On the Embryogeny of Antedon rosaceus, Linck (Comatula rosacea of Lamarck). By Professor Wyville Thomson, LL.D., F.R.S.E., M.R.I.A., F.G.S., &c. Communicated by Thomas Henry Huxley, F.R.S. X. On the Sextactic Points of a Plane Curve. By A. Cayley, F.R.S. XI. A Description of some Fossil Plants, showing Structure, found in the Lower Coal-seams of Lancashire and Yorkshire. By E. W. Binney, F.R.S. XII. The Bakerian Lecture.—On a Method of Meteorological Registration of the Chemical Action of Total Daylight. By Henry Enfield Roscoe, B.A., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in Owens College, Manchester XIII. On the Commissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres of the Marsupialia and Monotremata as compared with those of the Placental Mammals. By William Henry Flower, F.R.S., F.R.C.S., Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England XIV. On the Sextactic Points of a Plane Curve. By William Spottiswoode, M.A., F.R.S., &c. XV. On the Marsupial Pouches, Mammary Glands, and Mammary Fetus of the Echidna Hystrix. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., &c. XVI. On the Influence of Physical and Chemical Agents upon Blood; with special reference to the mutual action of the Blood and the Respiratory Gases. By George Harley, M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in University College, London. Communicated by Professor Sharpey, M.D., Sec. R.S. XVII. On a New Geometry of Space. By J. Plücker, of Bonn, For. Memb. R.S. Index APPENDIX. Presents LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plates I. to III.—Drs. J. Plücker and J. W. Hittorf on the Spectra of Ignited Gases and Vapours. Plates IV. to IX.—Professor Huxley on the Osteology of the genus Glyptodon. Plates X. & XI.—Staff-Commander Evans and Mr. A. Smith on the Magnetic Character of the Armour-plated Ships of the Royal Navy. Plates XII. to XIX.—Mr. W. K. Parker and Professor T. R. Jones on some Foraminifera from the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Plate XX.—Professor Kopp on the Specific Heat of Solid Bodies. Plates XXI. and XXII.—Professor Beale's New Observations upon the Minute Anatomy of the Papillæ of the Frog's Tongue. Plates XXIII. to XXVII.—Professor W. Thomson on the Embryogeny of Antedon rosaceus, Linck (Comatula rosacea of Lamarck). Plates XXVIII. & XXIX.—Professor Roscoe on a Method of Meteorological Registration of the Chemical Action of Total Daylight. Plates XXX. to XXXV.—Mr. E. W. Binney on some Lower-coal-seam Fossil Plants. Plates XXXVI. to XXXVIII.—Mr. W. H. Flower on the Cerebral Commissures of the Marsupialia and Monotremata. Plates XXXIX. to XLI.—Professor Owen on the Marsupial Pouches, Mammary Glands, and Mammary Foetus of the Echidna Hystrix. ADVERTISEMENT. The Committee appointed by the Royal Society to direct the publication of the Philosophical Transactions, take this opportunity to acquaint the Public, that it fully appears, as well from the Council-books and Journals of the Society, as from repeated declarations which have been made in several former Transactions, that the printing of them was always, from time to time, the single act of the respective Secretaries till the Forty-seventh Volume; the Society, as a Body, never interesting themselves any further in their publication, than by occasionally recommending the revival of them to some of their Secretaries, when, from the particular circumstances of their affairs, the Transactions had happened for any length of time to be intermitted. And this seems principally to have been done with a view to satisfy the Public, that their usual meetings were then continued, for the improvement of knowledge, and benefit of mankind, the great ends of their first institution by the Royal Charters, and which they have ever since steadily pursued. But the Society being of late years greatly enlarged, and their communications more numerous, it was thought advisable that a Committee of their members should be appointed, to reconsider the papers read before them, and select out of them such as they should judge most proper for publication in the future Transactions; which was accordingly done upon the 26th of March 1752. And the grounds of their choice are, and will continue to be, the importance and singularity of the subjects, or the advantageous manner of treating them; without pretending to answer for the certainty of the facts, or propriety of the reasonings, contained in the several papers so published, which must still rest on the credit or judgement of their respective authors. It is likewise necessary on this occasion to remark, that it is an established rule of the Society, to which they will always adhere, never to give their opinion, as a Body, upon any subject, either of Nature or Art, that comes before them. And therefore the thanks, which are frequently proposed from the Chair, to be given to the authors of such papers as are read at their accustomed meetings, or to the persons through whose hands they received them, are to be considered in no other light than as a matter of civility, in return for the respect shown to the Society by those communications. The like also is to be said with regard to the several projects, inventions, and curiosities of various kinds, which are often exhibited to the Society; the authors whereof, or those who exhibit them, frequently take the liberty to report and even to certify in the public newspapers, that they have met with the highest applause and approbation. And therefore it is hoped that no regard will hereafter be paid to such reports and public notices; which in some instances have been too lightly credited, to the dishonour of the Society. The Meteorological Journal hitherto kept by the Assistant Secretary at the Apartments of the Royal Society, by order of the President and Council, and published in the Philosophical Transactions, has been discontinued. The Government, on the recommendation of the President and Council, has established at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, under the superintendence of the Astronomer Royal, a Magnetical and Meteorological Observatory, where observations are made on an extended scale, which are regularly published. These, which correspond with the grand scheme of observations now carrying out in different parts of the globe, supersede the necessity of a continuance of the observations made at the Apartments of the Royal Society, which could not be rendered so perfect as was desirable, on account of the imperfections of the locality and the multiplied duties of the observer. A List of Public Institutions and Individuals, entitled to receive a Copy of the Philosophical Transactions of each year, on making application for the same directly or through their respective agents, within five years of the date of publication. **Observatories.** - Armagh. - Cape of Good Hope. - Dublin. - Edinburgh. - Greenwich. - Kew. - Liverpool. - Madras. - Oxford (Radcliffe). **Institutions.** - Barbadoes Library and Museum. - Calcutta Asiatic Society. - Geological Museum. - Cambridge Philosophical Society. - Cape Town South African Library. - Dublin Royal Dublin Society. - Royal Irish Academy. - Edinburgh Royal Society. - London Admiralty Library. - Chemical Society. - College of Surgeons. - Entomological Society. - Geological Society. - Geological Survey of Great Britain. - Horticultural Society. - Institute of British Architects. - Institution of Civil Engineers. - Linnean Society. - London Institution. - Royal Asiatic Society. - Royal Astronomical Society. - Royal College of Physicians. - Royal Geographical Society. - Royal Institution of Great Britain. - Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. - Royal Society of Literature. - Society of Antiquaries. - Society of Arts. - The Queen's Library. - The Treasury Library. - United Service Museum. - Zoological Society. - Malta Public Library. - Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. - Melbourne University Library. - Montreal McGill College. **Oxford Ashmolean Society.** - Radcliffe Library. - Swansea Royal Institution. - Sydney University Library. - Woolwich Royal Artillery Library. **Belgium.** - Brussels Académie Royale de Médecine. - Royal Academy of Sciences. **Denmark.** - Copenhagen Royal Society of Sciences. **France.** - Montpellier Academy of Sciences. - Faculté de Médecine. - Paris Academy of Sciences. - Dépôt de la Marine. - Ecole des Mines. - Geographical Society. - Geological Society. - Jardin des Plantes. - Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale. - Toulouse Academy of Sciences. **Germany.** - Altona Observatory. - Berlin Royal Academy of Sciences. - Society of Experimental Philosophy. - Brünn Naturforschender Verein. - Dresden Caesarean Acad. of Naturalists. - Frankfort Natural History Society. - Giessen University. - Göttingen University. - Hamburg Naturwissenschaftlicher-Verein. - Königsberg Königlichen Physikalisch Ökonomischen Gesellschaft. - Leipzig Royal Saxon Society of Sciences. - Mannheim Observatory. - Munich Royal Academy of Sciences. - Prague Bohemian Society of Sciences. - Vienna Imperial Academy of Sciences. - Geologische Reichsanstalt. - Würzburg Physico-Medical Society. A List of Public Institutions and Individuals, entitled to receive a Copy of the Philosophical Transactions of each year, on making application for the same directly or through their respective agents, within five years of the date of publication (continued). **Hungary.** Pesth ........... Hungarian Academy of Sciences. **Italy.** Bologna ........ Academy of Sciences. Catanea ......... Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali. Florence ......... Royal Observatory. Milan .......... Institute of Sciences, Letters, and Arts. Modena .......... Italian Society of Sciences. Naples .......... Institute of Sciences. Palermo ......... Academy of Sciences and Letters. Rome ............ Academy de' Nuovi Lincei. Collegio Romano. Turin .......... Royal Academy of Sciences. Venice .......... Institute of Sciences, Letters, and Arts. **Java.** Batavia .......... Batavian Society of Sciences. **Netherlands.** Amsterdam ....... Royal Institute. Haarlem .......... Dutch Society of Sciences. Rotterdam ....... Batavian Society of Experimental Philosophy. **Portugal.** Lisbon .......... Royal Academy of Sciences. **Russia.** Kazan .......... Imperial University. Moscow .......... Imperial Society of Naturalists. Public Museum. Pulkowa .......... Observatory. St. Petersburg .... Imperial Academy of Sciences. **Spain.** Cadiz ........... Observatory. Madrid .......... Royal Academy of Sciences. **Sweden and Norway.** Christiania ...... Royal University. Drontheim ....... Royal Society of Sciences. Gottenburg ...... Kgl. Vetenskaps och Vitterhets Samhälle. Stockholm ....... Royal Academy of Sciences. **Switzerland.** Bern ............ Allg. Schweizerischen Gesellschaft. Geneva .......... Société de Phys. et d'Hist. Naturelle. **Transylvania.** Klausenburg ..... Society of the Transylvanian Museum. **United States.** Albany .......... New York State Library. Boston .......... American Academy of Sciences. Newhaven (Conn.) The Editors of the American Journal. Cambridge ....... Harvard University. Philadelphia ..... Academy of Natural Sciences. American Philosophical Society. Washington ...... Smithsonian Institution. Observatory. The fifty Foreign Members of the Royal Society. A List of Public Institutions and Individuals, entitled to receive a Copy of the Astronomical Observations (including Magnetism and Meteorology) made at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, on making application for the same directly or through their respective agents, within two years of the date of publication. | Observatories | Institutions | |-----------------------|---------------------------------------------------| | Altona | Aberdeen University | | Armagh | Berlin Academy of Sciences | | Berlin | Bologna Academy of Sciences | | Breslau | Boston American Academy of Sciences | | Brussels | Brunswick U.S. Bowdoin College | | Cadiz | Cambridge Trinity College Library | | Cambridge | Cambridge U.S. Harvard University | | Cape of Good Hope | Dublin University | | Coimbra | Edinburgh University | | Copenhagen | Royal Society | | Dorpat | Glasgow University | | Dublin | Göttingen University | | Edinburgh | Leyden University | | Helsingfors | London Board of Ordnance | | Königsberg | Royal Institution | | Madras | Royal Society | | Mannheim | The Queen’s Library | | Marseille | Oxford Savilian Library | | Milan | Paris Academy of Sciences | | Munich | Board of Longitude | | Oxford | Dépôt de la Marine | | Palermo | Pesth Hungarian Academy of Sciences | | Paris | Philadelphia American Philosophical Society | | Seeberg | St. Andrews University | | Tübingen | St. Petersburg Imperial Academy | | Turin | Stockholm Royal Academy of Sciences | | Vienna | Upsal Royal Society | | Wilna | Waterville, Maine (U.S.) College | | Individuals | | |-----------------------|---------------------------------------------------| | Lowndes’ Professor of Astronomy | Cambridge | | Plumian Professor of Astronomy | Cambridge | | President of the Royal Society | London | | South, Sir James | Kensington | | The Earl of Rosse | Parsonstown | A List of Observatories, Institutions and Individuals, entitled to receive a Copy of the Magnetical and Meteorological Observations made at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. ### Observatories | Location | Name | |-------------------|-----------------------| | Bombay | Lieut. P. W. Mitcheson| | Cambridge, United States | Prof. J. Lovering | | Christiania | C. Hansteen | | Gotha | P. A. Hansen | | Heidelberg | M. Tiedemann | | Kew | B. Stewart | | Kremsmünster | P. A. Reslhuber | | Leipzig | Professor Möbius | | Lisbon | Senhor da Silveira | | Marburg | Professor Gerling | | Prague | K. Jehinek | | Stockholm | Professor H. Selander | | St. Petersburg | (Twelve copies for distribution to the Russian Mag. and Met. Obs.) | | Toronto | Professor Kingston | | Upsal | Professor Svanberg | | Washington | | ### Institutions | Location | Name | |-------------------|-------------------------------| | Bombay | Geographical Society | | Bonn | University | | Boston, U.S. | The Public Library (late Bowditch) | | Cambridge | Philosophical Society | | Cherkow | University | | Falmouth | Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society | | London | House of Lords, Library | | | House of Commons, Library | | | King's College | | | Royal Society | | | University College, Library | | Paris | Meteorological Society | | St. Bernard | Convent | | Washington | Smithsonian Institution | | Woolwich | Office of Mag. and Met. Publication | ### Individuals | Name | Location | |--------------------|-------------------| | Bache, Dr. A. D. | Washington | | Buys Ballot, Dr. | Utrecht | | Dove, Prof. H. W. | Berlin | | Erman, Dr. Adolph | Berlin | | Fox, R. W., Esq. | Falmouth | | Harris, Sir W. Snow| Plymouth | | Hoskins, Dr. S. E. | Guernsey | | Kaemtz, Prof. L. F.| Dorpat | | Kreil, Prof. K. | Vienna | | Lloyd, Rev. Dr. | Dublin | | Loomis, Prof. E. | Yale College, New-haven (Conn.) | | Phillips, Prof. John| Oxford | | Quetelet, A. | Brussels | | Sabine, Major-General, R.A. | London | | Senhor da Souza | Coimbra | | Vernon, G. V., Esq.| Manchester | | Wartmann, Prof. Elie| Geneva | | Younghusband, Col., R.A.| Woolwich | CONTENTS. I. On the Spectra of Ignited Gases and Vapours, with especial regard to the different Spectra of the same elementary gaseous substance. By Dr. J. Plücker, of Bonn, For. Memb. R.S., and Dr. J. W. Hittorf, of Münster . . . . . . . . . . page 1 II. On the Osteology of the genus Glyptodon. By Thomas H. Huxley, F.R.S. . . . 31 III. Investigations of the Specific Heat of Solid Bodies. By Hermann Kopp. Communicated by T. Graham, Esq., F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 IV. On the Composition of Sea-water in the different parts of the Ocean. By Georg Forchhammer, Professor at the University, and Director of the Polytechnic Institution at Copenhagen. Communicated by the President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 V. On the Magnetic Character of the Armour-plated Ships of the Royal Navy, and on the Effect on the Compass of particular arrangements of Iron in a Ship. By Frederick John Evans, Esq., Staff Commander R.N., F.R.S., Superintendent of the Compass Department of Her Majesty's Navy; and Archibald Smith, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, Corresponding Member of the Scientific Committee of the Imperial Russian Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 VI. On some Foraminifera from the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, including Davis Straits and Baffin's Bay. By W. Kitchen Parker, F.Z.S., and Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.G.S. Communicated by Professor Huxley, F.R.S. . . . . . . . 325 VII. New Observations upon the Minute Anatomy of the Papillae of the Frog's Tongue. By Lionel S. Beale, M.B., F.R.S., Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Professor of Physiology and of General and Morbid Anatomy in King's College, London; Physician to King's College Hospital, &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 VIII. A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. By J. Clerk Maxwell, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plates I. to III.—Drs. J. Plücker and J. W. Hittorf on the Spectra of Ignited Gases and Vapours. Plates IV. to IX.—Professor Huxley on the Osteology of the genus Glyptodon. Plates X. and XI.—Staff-Commander Evans and Mr. A. Smith on the Magnetic Character of the Armour-plated Ships of the Royal Navy. Plates XII. to XIX.—Mr. W. K. Parker and Professor T. R. Jones on some Foraminifera from the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Plate XX.—Professor Kopp on the Specific Heat of Solid Bodies. Plates XXI. and XXII.—Professor Beale's New Observations upon the Minute Anatomy of the Papillae of the Frog's Tongue. CONTENTS. IX. On the Embryogeny of Antedon rosaceus, Linck (Comatula rosacea of Lamarck). By Professor Wyville Thomson, LL.D., F.R.S.E., M.R.I.A., F.G.S., &c. Communicated by Thomas Henry Huxley, F.R.S. .................. page 513 X. On the Sextactic Points of a Plane Curve. By A. Cayley, F.R.S. .......... 545 XI. A Description of some Fossil Plants, showing Structure, found in the Lower Coal-seams of Lancashire and Yorkshire. By E. W. Binney, F.R.S. .......... 579 XII. The Bakerian Lecture.—On a Method of Meteorological Registration of the Chemical Action of Total Daylight. By Henry Enfield Roscoe, B.A., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in Owens College, Manchester .................... 605 XIII. On the Commissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres of the Marsupialia and Monotremata as compared with those of the Placental Mammals. By William Henry Flower, F.R.S., F.R.C.S., Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England .............................................. 633 XIV. On the Sextactic Points of a Plane Curve. By William Spottiswoode, M.A., F.R.S., &c. .......................................................... 653 XV. On the Marsupial Pouches, Mammary Glands, and Mammary Fetus of the Echidna Hystrix. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., &c. ..................................................................................................................... 671 XVI. On the Influence of Physical and Chemical Agents upon Blood; with special reference to the mutual action of the Blood and the Respiratory Gases. By George Harley, M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in University College, London. Communicated by Professor Sharpey, M.D., Sec. R.S. .......................................................................... 687 XVII. On a New Geometry of Space. By J. Plücker, of Bonn, For. Memb. R.S. ........................................... 725 Index ............................................................................................................. 793 APPENDIX. Presents ......................................................................................................... [ ] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plates XXIII. to XXVII.—Professor W. Thomson on the Embryogeny of Antedon rosaceus, Linck (Comatula rosacea of Lamarck). Plates XXVIII. & XXIX.—Professor Roscoe on a Method of Meteorological Registration of the Chemical Action of Total Daylight. Plates XXX. to XXXV.—Mr. E. W. Binney on some Lower-coal-seam Fossil Plants. Plates XXXVI. to XXXVIII.—Mr. W. H. Flower on the Cerebral Commissures of the Marsupialia and Monotremata. Plates XXXIX. to XLI.—Professor Owen on the Marsupial Pouches, Mammary Glands, and Mammary Foetus of the Echidna Hystrix. ADJUDICATION of the Medals of the Royal Society for the year 1865 by the President and Council. The Copley Medal to Mons. Michel Chasles, For. Memb. R.S., for his Historical and Original researches in Pure Geometry. A Royal Medal to Joseph Prestwich, Esq., F.R.S., for his numerous and valuable Contributions to Geological Science, and more especially for his Papers published in the Philosophical Transactions, on the general question of the Excavation of River-valleys, and on the Superficial Deposits in France and England in which the Works of Man are associated with the remains of Extinct Animals. A Royal Medal to Archibald Smith, Esq., F.R.S., for his Papers in the Philosophical Transactions, and elsewhere, on the Magnetism of Ships. Professor H. E. Roscoe's Paper, entitled "On a Method of Meteorological Registration of the Chemical Action of Total Daylight," was appointed as the Bakerian Lecture. The Croonian Lecture was delivered by Professor Lionel Smith Beale, F.R.S.: it was entitled "On the Ultimate Nerve-fibres distributed to Muscle and some other tissues, with Observations upon the Structure and probable Mode of Action of a Nervous Mechanism."