Tables of the Weights of the Human Body and Internal Organs in the Sane and Insane of Both Sexes at Various Ages, Arranged from 2614 Post-Mortem Examinations

XII. Tables of the Weights of the Human Body and Internal Organs in the Sane and Insane of both Sexes at various Ages, arranged from 2614 post-mortem examinations. By Robert Boyd, M.D., F.R.C.P.L., Physician to the Somerset County Lunatic Asylum. Communicated by Dr. Sharpey, Sec. R.S. Received February 7,—Read February 28, 1861. These Tables have been compiled from notes of 2086 examinations made at St. Marylebone Infirmary, between 1839 and 1847; and of 528 examinations in cases of insanity made at the Somerset Lunatic Asylum, between 1848 and the end of December 1860, comprehending in all a period of twenty-one years. The calculations alone have been the labour of many months; a task, which, owing to the pressure of daily duties in a large establishment, I could not now have completed but for the able assistance of my relative Major Boyd. The Tables are submitted with a hope that they may aid in forming a standard of the weight of the human organs from early infancy to old age. The cases are arranged at eighteen periods of life, under eighteen different heads, showing the average height and weight of the body (the measurement of the head, and weight of the spinal marrow in No. 2), the average weight of the encephalon and its several parts; also of each lung, of the heart, and of all the abdominal viscera. The assigned causes of death are given in the margin; also the variations in weight of the lungs, heart, and liver. TABLE I. Showing the maximum, minimum, and average height and weight of the human body, and weight compiled from 2086 cases, 1025 males and 1061 females, examined in the St. Marylebone and mean weight of the lungs in health and disease; of the hearts and livers above and also shown. NOTE. The weights are given in pounds, ounces, and decimal parts of an ounce avoirdupois. The following method was pursued in examining the body:—It was measured from the vertex of the head to the inside of the foot behind the ball of the great toe; after being weighed, the spinal canal was opened, the cord with its membranes removed from below upwards, as high as possible, and weighed. The measurements of the head were next taken: the circumference around the occipital protuberance to the centre of the forehead; the antero-posterior from the former to the space between the eye-brows; and the transverse from the opening of one ear, over the vertex, to the opening of the other. The brain was then examined: the right and left cerebral hemispheres were each removed in slices to the tentorium, and weighed; the tentorium being divided on each side, the cerebellum, with pons and medulla, were raised; the crura cerebelli being divided close to the pons, each part was weighed, the pons and medulla together. The thoracic organs were next examined: the lungs having been taken out, the heart was removed by dividing the great vessels inside, and close to the pericardium; the cavities were opened, cleansed, and the organ weighed. The abdominal organs were weighed in the order in which they are set down in the Tables. | Assigned causes of death. | |--------------------------| | Causes. | Males. | Females. | | Still-born: full period. | | Digestive organs | 1 | 1 | | Respiratory organs | 2 | 0 | | (Enlarged thymus) | 8 | 6 | | Vascular system | 4 | 0 | | Nervous system | 23 | 12 | | Craniotomy | 5 | 0 | | Inquest cases | 2 | 1 | | Unknown causes | 6 | 12 | | Total | 51 | 32 | | Diseases of | |-------------| | New born. | | Digestive organs | 6 | 11 | | Respiratory organs | 0 | 0 | | (Enlarged thymus) | 1 | 1 | | Vascular system | 3 | 3 | | Nervous system | 12 | 7 | | Inquest cases | 9 | 8 | | Unknown causes | 14 | 15 | | Total | 45 | 45 | of the internal organs in both sexes, and in the foetus, at eighteen periods from infancy to old age; parochial infirmary from 1839 to 1847. The assigned causes of death, the maximum, minimum, below the general average, and the mean weight of each kidney, where weighed separately, are | Age. Sex. | Body. | Cerebral organs. | Thoracic organs. | Abdominal organs. | |-----------|-------|------------------|------------------|------------------| | | Weight.| Height.| Cerebrum.| Cerebellum.| Pons and medulla.| Encephalon.| Right lung.| Left lung.| Heart.| Thymus.| Stomach.| Liver.| Spleen.| Pancreas.| Kidneys.| Renal capsules.| Uterus.| | Premature, still-born. | oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 85 | 18 | 9 | .75 | .5 | 9-2 | 1-25 | 1-25 | .75 | .33 | .5 | 7 | .75 | .25 | 1-13 | .29 | .06 | | F. | 75 | 18 | 8-5 | .5 | .19 | 9-13 | 1 | 1 | .62 | .19 | .2 | 5-5 | 1 | .2 | .75 | .33 | .06 | | Minimum. | oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 12 | 10 | 1-25 | .06 | .04 | 1-31 | .19 | .16 | .06 | .01 | .02 | .5 | .02 | .01 | .13 | .02 | | F. | 8-5 | 10 | .8 | .19 | .03 | 1-29 | .06 | .06 | .01 | .02 | .25 | .02 | .01 | .6 | .02 | .002 | | Average. | oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 45-5 | 14 | 5-33 | .28 | .12 | 5-6 | .57 | .52 | .31 | .1 | .12 | 2-42 | .2 | .06 | .44 | .13 | | F. | 38 | 13-5 | 4-42 | .36 | .1 | 4-62 | .5 | .42 | .26 | .07 | .05 | 2-1 | .23 | .05 | .32 | .1 | .02 | | Number examined. | oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 28 | 26 | 21 | 19 | 19 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 27 | 24 | 20 | 27 | 26 | 17 | 24 | 25 | | F. | 20 | 19 | 10 | 6 | 6 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 18 | | Still born; full period. | oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 172 | 22 | 21 | 2 | 1 | 22 | 1-75 | 1-75 | 1-75 | 1-75 | .75 | .75 | .75 | .75 | .75 | .75 | | F. | 154 | 22 | 14-5 | 1-25 | .37 | 15-12 | 1-75 | .56 | 1 | .75 | .5 | 8-5 | 1-25 | .25 | 1-62 | .39 | .13 | | Minimum. | oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 60 | 16 | 8-75 | .37 | .04 | 9-37 | .5 | .31 | .37 | .06 | .12 | 2-75 | .12 | .04 | .5 | .06 | | F. | 67 | 17 | 7-5 | .37 | .03 | 8 | .62 | .5 | .16 | .08 | .12 | 2-62 | .12 | .04 | .37 | .12 | .01 | | Average. | oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 105-7 | 18-5 | 12-87 | .8 | .02 | 13-87 | 1-03 | .83 | .72 | .31 | .22 | 5-33 | .29 | .11 | .89 | .25 | | F. | 98-5 | 19 | 11-25 | .75 | .16 | 12-25 | 1-03 | .83 | .65 | .3 | .25 | 5-5 | .37 | .11 | .82 | .23 | .06 | | Number examined. | oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 51 | 48 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 50 | 50 | 42 | 49 | 47 | 46 | 48 | 45 | | F. | 32 | 32 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 31 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 30 | 28 | 31 | 30 | 27 | | New born. | oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 140 | 21 | 14 | 1-25 | .37 | 15-37 | 1-75 | 1-25 | 1-25 | 1-02 | .5 | 8-5 | 1 | .37 | 2-25 | .5 | | F. | 128 | 21 | 15 | 1-25 | .37 | 16 | 1-75 | 1-5 | 1-12 | .56 | .75 | 8-75 | 1-25 | .25 | 1-5 | .28 | .08 | | Minimum. | oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 42-5 | 14 | 5-62 | .25 | .06 | 6 | .37 | .29 | .18 | .06 | .06 | 1-75 | .05 | .03 | .25 | .06 | | F. | 25 | 14 | 1-62 | .12 | .04 | 1-75 | .25 | .21 | .16 | .02 | .04 | 1-25 | .04 | .03 | .25 | .06 | .01 | | Average. | oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 81 | 18-2 | 10-84 | .69 | .2 | 11-67 | 1-04 | .85 | .54 | .25 | .23 | 4 | .33 | .11 | .87 | .17 | | F. | 67-7 | 17-5 | 9-26 | .62 | .16 | 10 | 1-19 | .86 | .59 | .21 | .22 | 3-82 | .34 | .11 | .68 | .16 | .04 | | Number examined. | oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 45 | 45 | 44 | 40 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 42 | 45 | 42 | 39 | 28 | 42 | | F. | 45 | 40 | 38 | 35 | 35 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 42 | 34 | 40 | 44 | 40 | 34 | 38 | 33 | 27 | | Age | Assigned causes of death | No. | Average | Maximum | Minimum | |-----|--------------------------|-----|---------|---------|---------| | | | Males | Females | Lungs | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | | Under 3 months | Diseases of | Digestive organs | 0 | 4 | Healthy | 7 | 8 | 1·3 | .95 | 1·5 | 1·25 | .75 | .5 | | | | Genito-urinary organs | 0 | 1 | Phthisis | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | | | Respiratory organs | 6 | 8 | Pneumonia | 4 | 3 | 1·87 | 1·75 | 2·5 | 2·25 | 1 | .75 | | | | Vascular system | 3 | 4 | Bronchitis | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | | | Nervous system | 5 | 2 | Healthy | 11 | 11 | 1·04 | .98 | 1·5 | 1·5 | .37 | .37 | | | | Locomotive organs | 0 | 1 | Phthisis | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | | | Fevers | 0 | 2 | Pneumonia | 4 | 4 | 1·75 | 1·62 | 2·25 | 2 | 1·25 | 1·25 | | | | Inquest cases | 2 | 0 | Bronchitis | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | | Total | 16 | 22 | | | | | | | | | | | | From 3 to 6 months | Diseases of | Digestive organs | 2 | 2 | Healthy | 9 | 9 | 1·42 | 1·38 | 2 | 1·75 | .75 | .75 | | | | Respiratory organs | 5 | 16 | Phthisis | 2 | 2 | 2·25 | 2 | 2·25 | 2 | 1·75 | 1·75 | | | | Vascular system | 4 | 1 | Pneumonia | 4 | 4 | 2·28 | 1·93 | 2·5 | 2 | 2 | 1·75 | | | | Nervous system | 2 | 3 | Bronchitis | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | | | Locomotive organs | 1 | 2 | Healthy | 8 | 9 | 1·32 | 1·31 | 1·5 | 1·5 | 1·13 | 1 | | | | Fevers | 0 | 1 | Phthisis | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | 3 | 2·75 | ... | ... | | | | Inquest cases | 1 | 0 | Pneumonia | 9 | 8 | 2·86 | 2·19 | 5·5 | 2·25 | 1·5 | 1·25 | | | | Bronchitis | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | | Total | 15 | 25 | | | | | | | | | | | | From 6 to 12 months | Diseases of | Digestive organs | 3 | 0 | Healthy | 15 | 14 | 1·87 | 1·77 | 2·75 | 2·37 | 1·25 | 1·13 | | | | Genito-urinary organs | 0 | 1 | Phthisis | 4 | 4 | 4·47 | 4·25 | 9·25 | 9·25 | 2 | 2 | | | | Respiratory organs | 29 | 23 | Pneumonia | 18 | 19 | 4·09 | 3·37 | 5·5 | 5 | 2·5 | 2·25 | | | | Vascular system | 5 | 4 | Bronchitis | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | 1·5 | 1·5 | ... | ... | | | | Nervous system | 6 | 4 | Healthy | 14 | 16 | 1·87 | 1·86 | 2·75 | 2·5 | 1 | 1·13 | | | | Fevers | 3 | 8 | Phthisis | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | 3·25 | 3 | ... | ... | | | | Pneumonia | 19 | 17 | 3·37 | 2·85 | 5·5 | 4·5 | 2·13 | 2 | | | | Bronchitis | 3 | 3 | 2·12 | 2·56 | 2·75 | 3 | 2·13 | 1·75 | | | Total | 46 | 40 | | | | | | | | | | | | From 1 to 2 years | Diseases of | Digestive organs | 1 | 2 | Healthy | 6 | 6 | 3·38 | 3·06 | 3·5 | 3·5 | 3 | 2·5 | | | | Respiratory organs | 19 | 15 | Phthisis | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4·87 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 2·75 | | | | Vascular system | 2 | 2 | Pneumonia | 19 | 19 | 4·08 | 4·47 | 7·25 | 6·5 | 3·75 | 3·25 | | | | Nervous system | 3 | 5 | Bronchitis | 2 | 2 | 2·5 | 2·5 | 2·25 | 2·25 | 2·75 | 2·25 | | | | Fevers | 9 | 9 | Healthy | 14 | 15 | 2·89 | 2·17 | 4·5 | 3·25 | 1·5 | 1·25 | | | | Phthisis | 2 | 2 | 4·75 | 5·5 | 6·5 | 4·5 | 3 | ... | ... | | | | Pneumonia | 10 | 9 | 5·31 | 4·04 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 3 | ... | ... | | | | Bronchitis | 4 | 4 | 2·5 | 2·25 | 2·25 | 3 | 3 | 1·75 | 1·5 | | | Total | 34 | 33 | | | | | | | | | | | | Age, Sex | Body | Cerebral organs | Thoracic organs | Abdominal organs | |---------|------|----------------|-----------------|------------------| | | Weight | Height | Cerebrum | Cerebellum | Pons medulla | Encephalon | Right lung | Left lung | Heart | Thymus | Stomach | Liver | Spleen | Pancreas | Kidneys | Renal capsules | Uterus | | | lbs. oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | Under 3 months | M | 12 0 | 24 | 31·5 | 1·62 | 32·75 | 2·5 | 2·25 | 1·5 | ·37 | ·77 | 8 | ·75 | ·75 | 2·25 | ·19 | ·25 | | | F | 12 0 | 22 | 31 | 1·75 | 32·5 | 2·25 | 2 | 1 | ·75 | ·62 | 7 | ·75 | ·5 | 1·5 | ·25 | ·25 | | | Maximum | M | 4 0 | 18 | 9·25 | ·5 | ·13 | 10·5 | ·75 | ·5 | ·5 | ·04 | ·25 | 2·5 | ·13 | ·06 | ·25 | ·06 | | | Minimum | F | 3 6 | 16 | 11 | ·5 | ·13 | 11 | ·37 | ·37 | ·25 | ·06 | ·20 | 3 | ·17 | ·06 | ·37 | ·06 | ·03 | | | Average | M | 7 3 | 22 | 16·2 | 1·07 | ·24 | 17·43 | 1·51 | 1·16 | ·63 | 16 | ·37 | 5 | ·34 | ·27 | ·99 | ·13 | ·06 | | | Number examined | F | 6 2 | 20·7 | 14·81 | ·9 | ·25 | 15·94 | 1·23 | 1·15 | ·94 | 17 | ·4 | 4·32 | 3·3 | ·19 | ·94 | ·11 | ·06 | | From 3 to 6 months | M | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 11 | 11 | 16 | 11 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 14 | | | F | 22 | 17 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 15 | 15 | 21 | 13 | 19 | 21 | 19 | 18 | 22 | 15 | 14 | | | Maximum | M | 12 8 | 32 | 27·5 | 3 | ·5 | 30·75 | 2·5 | 2·25 | 1 | ·62 | 1·25 | 9 | 1·5 | ·5 | 2 | ·29 | | | Minimum | F | 11 8 | 25 | 33 | 2·75 | ·62 | 34·75 | 5·5 | 2·75 | 1·5 | ·5 | ·75 | 8·5 | 1·5 | ·5 | 2·5 | ·5 | ·06 | | | Average | M | 8 5 | 22·7 | 20 | 1·72 | ·29 | 21·29 | 1·77 | 1·6 | ·88 | ·22 | ·49 | 6·22 | ·71 | ·21 | 1·3 | ·13 | ·04 | | | Number examined | F | 7 0 | 22·5 | 18·05 | 1·69 | ·30 | 19·76 | 2·19 | 1·76 | ·81 | ·15 | ·5 | 5·44 | ·46 | ·22 | 1·09 | ·14 | ·04 | | From 6 to 12 months | M | 18 0 | 30 | 32 | 3·75 | ·75 | 36·13 | 9·25 | 9·25 | 2·25 | ·75 | 1·25 | 18·5 | 1·75 | 1·04 | 3·75 | ·5 | | | F | 18 0 | 33 | 34·75 | 4 | ·62 | 39·13 | 5·5 | 4·5 | 2·25 | ·5 | 1·25 | 13 | 1·5 | 1·25 | 3 | ·37 | ·13 | | | Maximum | M | 5 12 | 18 | 14·5 | ·75 | ·13 | 17·75 | 1·25 | 1·13 | ·5 | ·04 | ·25 | 4 | ·25 | ·08 | 1·25 | ·06 | ·02 | | | Minimum | F | 6 0 | 19 | 13·5 | 1·75 | ·25 | 16·37 | 1 | 1·13 | ·5 | ·06 | ·25 | 3·5 | ·25 | ·13 | ·62 | ·06 | ·02 | | | Average | M | 12 1·5 | 26 | 24·29 | 2·74 | ·39 | 27·42 | 3·20 | 2·86 | 1·18 | ·18 | ·64 | 9·41 | ·79 | ·34 | 2·43 | ·21 | | | Number examined | F | 10 11·5 | 25·7 | 22·68 | 2·32 | ·35 | 25·7 | 2·73 | 2·39 | 1·08 | ·15 | ·66 | 8·35 | ·72 | ·32 | 1·85 | ·18 | ·05 | | From 1 to 2 years | M | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 38 | 38 | 46 | 29 | 42 | 44 | 43 | 41 | 45 | 33 | | | F | 40 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 40 | 37 | 37 | 40 | 25 | 29 | 40 | 40 | 36 | 39 | 32 | 27 | | | Maximum | M | 26 0 | 34 | 36 | 4·5 | ·75 | 41·25 | 7·25 | 6·5 | 3·5 | ·5 | 1·75 | 17 | 8 | ·75 | 4 | ·25 | | | Minimum | F | 25 0 | 33 | 33·25 | 4·25 | 1 | ·37 | 7 | 6·5 | 2·25 | ·5 | 1·37 | 17·25 | 2·25 | 1 | 4 | ·25 | ·13 | | | Average | M | 10 8 | 24 | 20·5 | 2·75 | ·25 | 23·25 | 2·75 | 2·5 | 1 | ·06 | ·5 | 7·5 | ·5 | ·06 | 1 | ·06 | ·03 | | | Number examined | F | 5 8 | 22 | 14·75 | 1·75 | ·25 | 18 | 1·5 | 1·25 | ·75 | ·04 | ·37 | 7 | ·5 | ·06 | 1·5 | ·06 | ·03 | | | Maximum | M | 14 6 | 28·5 | 29·21 | 3·54 | ·5 | 33·25 | 4·12 | 3·90 | 1·66 | ·17 | 1 | 11·7 | 1·34 | ·44 | 2·55 | ·16 | ·05 | | | Minimum | F | 13 2 | 27·7 | 26·19 | 3·15 | ·46 | 29·8 | 3·58 | 2·95 | 1·47 | ·13 | ·91 | 11·17 | 1·04 | ·49 | 2·4 | ·14 | ·05 | | | Average | M | 34 | 32 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 30 | 30 | 34 | 10 | 32 | 34 | 33 | 30 | 33 | 30 | 30 | | | Number examined | F | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 30 | 30 | 32 | 18 | 30 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 29 | 28 | 25 | ### TABLE I. | Age | Assigned causes of death | No. | Average | Maximum | Minimum | |-----|--------------------------|-----|---------|---------|---------| | | | Right.| Left.| Right.| Left.| Right.| Left.| | From 2 to 4 years. | Digestive organs | 2 | 3 | Healthy | 8 | 7 | 3-8 | 3-35 | 4-75 | 4-75 | 3-25 | 2-75 | | | Genito-urinary organs | 0 | 1 | Phthisis | 6 | 6 | 6-16 | 5-87 | 10-75 | 10-75 | 3 | 4-5 | | | Respiratory organs | 16 | 16 | Pneumonia | 10 | 11 | 6-85 | 6-76 | 8-75 | 11 | 5-5 | 3-13 | | | Vascular system | 1 | 2 | Bronchitis | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4-5 | 4 | 3-5 | 2 | | | Nervous system | 3 | 2 | Healthy | 13 | 14 | 3-76 | 3-5 | 4-75 | 4-5 | 1-75 | 1-42 | | | Fevers | 7 | 5 | Phthisis | 3 | 3 | 6-37 | 5-25 | 8-25 | 6-5 | 5-5 | 5 | | | Total | 29 | 29 | Pneumonia | 11 | 10 | 7-01 | 5-91 | 9-5 | 8 | 4 | 3-5 | | | | | | Bronchitis | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | From 4 to 7 years. | Digestive organs | 1 | 1 | Healthy | 6 | 5 | 3-79 | 3-58 | 6-5 | 5-5 | 2 | 1-75 | | | Respiratory organs | 15 | 10 | Phthisis | 9 | 9 | 7-36 | 6-25 | 10 | 9-75 | 4-5 | 3-5 | | | Vascular system | 3 | 3 | Pneumonia | 6 | 7 | 6-96 | 8-46 | 8-5 | 14-5 | 5 | 5 | | | Nervous system | 4 | 1 | Bronchitis | 3 | 3 | 6-58 | 5-25 | 7 | 5-5 | 6 | 5 | | | Locomotive organs | 0 | 1 | Healthy | 8 | 7 | 3-13 | 3-23 | 4-5 | 4-75 | 2-13 | 2 | | | Fevers | 4 | 5 | Phthisis | 8 | 8 | 7-15 | 7-06 | 11 | 11 | 3-5 | 3 | | | Total | 27 | 21 | Pneumonia | 3 | 3 | 7-5 | 6-33 | 8 | 7-25 | 7-25 | 6 | | | | | | Bronchitis | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | Kidneys. | Male. | Female. | |----------|-------|---------| | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | | Right | 2 | 2-75 | 2-25 | 2-5 | 5 | 5-25 | 1-75 | 2-7 | | Left | 2 | 3 | 2-5 | 2-75 | 5 | 3-25 | 1-75 | 2-34 | | From 7 to 14 years. | Digestive organs | 3 | 2 | Healthy | 3 | 4 | 7-42 | 6-06 | 9-25 | 6-75 | 4-5 | 4-5 | | | Respiratory organs | 11 | 6 | Phthisis | 7 | 7 | 9-5 | 10-22 | 15-25 | 16 | 5 | 5 | | | Vascular system | 4 | 2 | Pneumonia | 6 | 5 | 12-46 | 14-64 | 16-5 | 23-5 | 7-5 | 8 | | | Nervous system | 2 | 4 | Bronchitis | 1 | 1 | ... | 9-5 | 7-5 | ... | ... | ... | | | Locomotive organs | 1 | 0 | Healthy | 8 | 7 | 6-19 | 6-07 | 8 | 9 | 4-5 | 4 | | | Fevers | 1 | 4 | Phthisis | 2 | 2 | 8-5 | 8-25 | 12-5 | 11 | 4-5 | 5-5 | | | Total | 22 | 18 | Pneumonia | 1 | 2 | 14 | 29-5 | 16-5 | ... | 11-5 | | | | | | Bronchitis | 2 | 2 | 9-5 | 9-5 | 10 | 11-25 | 9 | 7-75 | | Livers. | Under general average | Above general average | |---------|------------------------|-----------------------| | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | | Right | 11 | 32-25 | 18-25 | 26-79 | 11 | 23-5 | 15-5 | 20-8 | | Left | 8 | 71 | 35-25 | 47-17 | 6 | 44 | 28 | 35-16 | | Kidneys. | Male. | Female. | |----------|-------|---------| | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | | Right | 10 | 6 | 1-87 | 3-51 | 1 | 2-25 | ... | ... | | Left | 10 | 4-25 | 1-74 | 3-27 | 1 | 2-75 | ... | ... | | Age | Sex | Body | Cerebral organs | Thoracic organs | Abdominal organs | |-----|-----|------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| | | | Weight | Height | Cerebrum | Cerebellum | Pons and medulla | Encephalon | Right lung | Left lung | Heart | Thymus | Stomach | Liver | Spleen | Pancreas | Kidneys | Renal capsules | Uterus | | | | lbs. oz. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | From 2 to 4 years. | M. | 29 | 38 | 5 | 1 | 50·5 | 10·75 | 11 | 3·5 | 2·5 | 22 | 4·5 | 1·5 | 5·5 | 7·5 | 13 | | | F. | 31 | 37 | 5 | 1 | 44·5 | 9·5 | 8 | 2·75 | 3·3 | 1·75 | 19·75 | 4 | 1·25 | 5 | 2·5 | 13 | | Maximum. | M. | 12 | 27 | 3 | 2·5 | 30·5 | 3 | 2 | 1·25 | .08 | 1 | 11 | .5 | .25 | 1·75 | .06 | | | F. | 8 | 26 | 3 | 2·5 | 27·75 | 1·75 | 1·42 | 1 | .08 | .62 | 4·75 | .25 | .25 | 1·75 | .08 | | Minimum. | M. | 20 | 31·6 | 4·02 | .66 | 38·71 | 5·45 | 5·08 | 2·14 | .25 | 1·48 | 16·85 | 1·58 | .76 | 3·33 | .23 | | | F. | 18 | 31·6 | 3·7 | .5 | 34·97 | 5·04 | 4·24 | 2·11 | .16 | 1·2 | 13·49 | 1·28 | .68 | 3·14 | .15 | | Average. | M. | 28 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 9 | 27 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 29 | 25 | | | F. | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 27 | 27 | 29 | 14 | 28 | 29 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 24 | | Number examined. | M. | 47 | 45 | 43·5 | 5·25 | 49·5 | 10 | 14·5 | 3·75 | 5 | 3·25 | 29 | 3·5 | 2·5 | 8·5 | 3·7 | | | F. | 40 | 43 | 43 | 5·25 | 48·25 | 11 | 11 | 3·5 | .25 | 3 | 31 | 4·25 | 1·5 | 6·5 | .25 | | From 4 to 7 years. | M. | 14 | 29 | 21·5 | 2·5 | .25 | 24·5 | 2 | 1·75 | 1·25 | .13 | .75 | 10·5 | .5 | .13 | 2 | .13 | | | F. | 14 | 29 | 30 | 2·75 | .5 | 34·75 | 2·13 | 2 | .75 | .06 | 1 | 12 | .6 | .37 | 2·37 | .06 | | Maximum. | M. | 25 | 37·5 | 35·44 | 4·17 | .62 | 40·23 | 6·27 | 6·01 | 2·77 | .25 | 1·95 | 19·13 | 1·85 | .8 | 4·05 | .21 | | | F. | 24 | 37 | 35·04 | 4·19 | .68 | 40·11 | 5·52 | 5·45 | 2·3 | 1·07 | 1·67 | 19·56 | 1·65 | .8 | 4·26 | .16 | | Minimum. | M. | 26 | 25 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 24 | 24 | 27 | 7 | 27 | 27 | 23 | 26 | 24 | 23 | | | F. | 23 | 23 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 20 | 3 | 21 | 20 | 18 | 19 | 21 | | Average. | M. | 74 | 54 | 50 | 6·25 | 1 | 57·25 | 16·5 | 23·5 | 5·5 | ... | 9 | 71 | 5·75 | 2·17 | 10·5 | 7·5 | | | F. | 72 | 59 | 46 | 5 | 1 | 52 | 29·5 | 16·5 | 6 | 25 | 4·5 | 44 | 7 | 1·75 | 9·5 | 5 | | From 7 to 14 years. | M. | 26 | 36 | 33·5 | 4 | .5 | 39·25 | 4·5 | 4·5 | 2·25 | ... | 2·25 | 18·25 | 1 | .25 | 3·4 | .13 | | | F. | 34 | 34 | 30 | 3·5 | .5 | 34 | 4·5 | 4 | 1·75 | ... | 1 | 15·5 | .5 | .6 | 3·5 | .03 | | Maximum. | M. | 42 | 47 | 40·36 | 4·84 | .76 | 45·96 | 10·14 | 10·38 | 4·25 | ... | 3·69 | 34·71 | 3·03 | 1·68 | 6·58 | 3·7 | | | F. | 38 | 45 | 35·86 | 4·27 | .65 | 40·78 | 8·82 | 8·17 | 4·38 | ... | 2·55 | 25·86 | 2·54 | 1·34 | 5·73 | 2·7 | | Minimum. | M. | 19 | 19 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 21 | ... | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 20 | 13 | | | F. | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 13 | 13 | 17 | 4 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 13 | 16 | Number examined. M. | 19 | 19 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 21 | ... | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 20 | 13 | F. | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 13 | 13 | 17 | 4 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 13 | 16 | ### Table I | Age | Assigned causes of death | No. | Average | Maximum | Minimum | |-----|--------------------------|-----|---------|---------|---------| | | | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | | | Causes. | Males | Females | Lungs. | Male. | Female. | | | | | | Right | Left | Right | Left | | From 14 to 20 Years | Digestive organs | 1 | 2 | Healthy | 6 | 5 | 11·71 | 9·89 | 18·5 | 17·5 | 7·75 | 6·5 | | Diseases of | Respiratory organs | 7 | 8 | Phthisis | 5 | 5 | 28·1 | 32 | 37·5 | 42 | 10·5 | 15·25 | | | Vascular system | 0 | 1 | Pneumonia | 3 | 4 | 27·42 | 18·5 | 47 | 20·5 | 13·5 | 17 | | | Nervous system | 5 | 1 | Bronchitis | 2 | 2 | 16·75 | 15·5 | 19·5 | 19·75 | 14 | 11·25 | | | Locomotive organs | 4 | 3 | Healthy | 5 | 7 | 11·1 | 10·85 | 16·5 | 16 | 7 | 7 | | | Fevers | 2 | 3 | Phthisis | 2 | 2 | 21 | 20·25 | 27·25 | 24 | 14·75 | 16·5 | | | Total | 19 | 16 | Pneumonia | 4 | 2 | 23·75 | 21·25 | 30 | 33 | 19·5 | 15·5 | | | | | | Bronchitis | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | 19 | 16·5 | ... | ... | | Hearts. | Male. | Female. | |---------|-------|---------| | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | | Under general average | 11 | 7·5 | 3·5 | 5·71 | 7 | 8·25 | 4·5 | 7·4 | | Above general average | 7 | 14 | 8·5 | 9·32 | 7 | 16·5 | 9·25 | 10·68 | | Livers. | Male. | Female. | | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | | Under general average | 8 | 56 | 32 | 39·41 | 5 | 53 | 23 | 25·64 | | Above general average | 9 | 96 | 58 | 67·58 | 9 | 73 | 55 | 58·83 | | Kidneys. | Male. | Female. | | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | | Right | 10 | 6·5 | 3·5 | 4·52 | 2 | 7 | 3·5 | 5·25 | | Left | 10 | 7·5 | 3 | 4·84 | 2 | 6·5 | 3 | 4·75 | | From 20 to 30 Years | Digestive organs | 4 | 10 | Healthy | 9 | 8 | 17·36 | 17·31 | 20·75 | 19·5 | 11 | 9 | | Diseases of | Genito-urinary organs | 1 | 9 | Phthisis | 28 | 28 | 35·6 | 35 | 64·5 | 58 | 23 | 20·75 | | | Respiratory organs | 42 | 25 | Pneumonia | 3 | 4 | 23·67 | 20·27 | 24·5 | 21 | 19·5 | | | Vascular system | 1 | 6 | Bronchitis | 32 | 33 | 14·65 | 13·5 | 21 | 20 | 6·25 | 6·25 | | | Nervous system | 3 | 13 | Healthy | 16 | 16 | 25·78 | 26·16 | 36·5 | 36·5 | 16 | 14 | | | Locomotive organs | 0 | 3 | Phthisis | 11 | 10 | 30·26 | 21·27 | 31·5 | 30·25 | 22 | 18·5 | | | Fevers | 6 | 9 | Pneumonia | 2 | 2 | 20·73 | 19·75 | 22 | 21·5 | 19·5 | 18 | | | Inquest cases | 2 | 0 | Bronchitis | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | | Total | 59 | 75 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | Hearts. | Male. | Female. | |---------|-------|---------| | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | | Under general average | 36 | 10 | 5·5 | 8·54 | 44 | 9 | 3·5 | 7·3 | | Above general average | 22 | 17 | 11 | 14 | 30 | 26 | 9·25 | 11·69 | | Livers. | Male. | Female. | | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | | Under general average | 39 | 60 | 32 | 51·53 | 38 | 52·25 | 28 | 45·52 | | Above general average | 17 | 114 | 60·5 | 79·16 | 36 | 83·5 | 53 | 6·81 | | Kidneys. | Male. | Female. | | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | | Right | 14 | 7·25 | 1·5 | 5·82 | 25 | 8 | 2·25 | 5·3 | | Left | 14 | 9 | 4 | 6·48 | 25 | 6·75 | 2·25 | 5·3 | | From 30 to 40 Years | Digestive organs | 3 | 9 | Healthy | 19 | 20 | 19·08 | 17·16 | 24·5 | 23·5 | 10·75 | 10·5 | | Diseases of | Genito-urinary organs | 3 | 3 | Phthisis | 49 | 49 | 36·71 | 31·24 | 63·5 | 52 | 14 | 10·5 | | | Respiratory organs | 70 | 44 | Pneumonia | 16 | 15 | 39·89 | 25·98 | 87 | 47 | 21·5 | 22·5 | | | Vascular system | 4 | 9 | Bronchitis | 12 | 12 | 24·14 | 20·27 | 32·5 | 28·5 | 20 | 13·75 | | | Nervous system | 25 | 15 | Healthy | 35 | 33 | 14·53 | 13·11 | 20·25 | 18·75 | 9·5 | 6·25 | | | Locomotive organs | 0 | 1 | Phthisis | 25 | 25 | 24·86 | 22·7 | 37 | 37 | 9 | 13 | | | Fevers | 5 | 5 | Pneumonia | 10 | 12 | 25·6 | 24·51 | 33 | 34 | 19 | 17 | | | Inquest cases | 2 | 3 | Bronchitis | 6 | 6 | 20·16 | 16·25 | 26·5 | 19 | 14·25 | 12·5 | | | Total | 113 | 89 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | Hearts. | Male. | Female. | |---------|-------|---------| | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | | Under general average | 68 | 11·25 | 3·5 | 8·91 | 52 | 9·25 | 5·5 | 7·83 | | Above general average | 40 | 30·25 | 11·5 | 15·51 | 35 | 18·75 | 9·5 | 12·11 | | Livers. | Male. | Female. | | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | | Under general average | 62 | 58 | 24·5 | 48·58 | 52 | 53·5 | 22·5 | 43·84 | | Above general average | 48 | 101 | 58·5 | 70·83 | 35 | 103 | 54 | 66·84 | | Kidneys. | Male. | Female. | | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | | Right | 35 | 8 | 3·25 | 5·48 | 32 | 6·25 | 3 | 4·61 | | Left | 35 | 9 | 3·37 | 6·3 | 32 | 8·75 | 2·75 | 4·94 | | Age. Sex. | Body. | Cerebral organs. | Thoracic organs. | Abdominal organs. | |----------|-------|-----------------|------------------|-------------------| | | Weight. | Height. | Cerebrum. | Cerebellum. | Pons and medulla. | Encephalon. | Right lung. | Left lung. | Heart. | Thymus. | Stomach. | Liver. | Spleen. | Pancreas. | Kidneys. | Renal capsules. | Uterus. | | | lbs. oz. | ft. in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 104 | 0 | 0 | 71 | 50-75 | 6-5 | 1-25 | 58-5 | 47 | 42 | 14 | ... | 7 | 96 | 10-75 | 3-5 | 14 | 1 | 1-25 | 2-5 | | F. | 107 | 0 | 0 | 67 | 45-5 | 5-5 | 1 | 52 | 30 | 33 | 16-5 | ... | 6-5 | 73 | 7-25 | 4 | 13-5 | 1-25 | 2-5 | | Maximum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minimum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Number examined. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | From 14 to 20 Years. | |----------------------| | M. | 68 | 0 | 0 | 60-5 | 41-77 | 5-32 | 1 | 48-54 | 20-4 | 19-67 | 7-61 | ... | 4-51 | 57-76 | 5-19 | 2-19 | 9-34 | 5-2 | 1-04 | | F. | 63 | 14 | 0 | 57-7 | 38-88 | 4-65 | .85 | 43-94 | 17-52| 15-08 | 8-46 | ... | 4-6 | 54-33 | 4-68 | 2-64 | 9-09 | 6-3 | 1-04 | | Maximum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minimum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Number examined. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | From 20 to 30 Years. | |----------------------| | M. | 132 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 48 | 6-25 | 1-25 | 57 | 64-5 | 58 | 17 | ... | 8 | 114 | 19 | 5 | 16-5 | 1-25 | 4-25 | | F. | 145 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 48-75| 5-5 | 1-25 | 55-25| 36-5 | 36 | 26 | ... | 8-5 | 83-5 | 15 | 5 | 17 | 1 | 4-25 | | Maximum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minimum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Number examined. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | From 30 to 40 Years. | |----------------------| | M. | 154 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 50 | 6-75 | 1-5 | 63-75| 87 | 52 | 30-25 | ... | 9-5 | 101 | 36 | 7 | 25 | 1-25 | 4-5 | | F. | 147 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 46 | 6 | 1-5 | 53 | 37 | 37 | 18-75 | ... | 8-5 | 103 | 20-5 | 6 | 20 | 1 | 4-5 | | Maximum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minimum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Number examined. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MDCCCLXI. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ### Table I | Age | Assigned causes of death | No. | Average | Maximum | Minimum | |-----|--------------------------|-----|---------|---------|---------| | | | | Right | Left | Right | Left | | | Causes. | Males | Females | Lungs. | Male. | Female. | | | | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | | From 40 to 50 years. | Digestive organs | 2 | 15 | | | | | | Genito-urinary organs | 4 | 4 | | | | | | Respiratory organs | 90 | 50 | | | | | | Vascular system | 14 | 13 | | | | | | Nervous system | 20 | 16 | | | | | | Locomotive organs | 4 | 3 | | | | | | Fevers | 4 | 4 | | | | | | Inquest cases | 3 | 3 | | | | | Total | | 141 | 98 | | | | | From 50 to 60 years. | Digestive organs | 1 | 9 | | | | | | Genito-urinary organs | 3 | 2 | | | | | | Respiratory organs | 80 | 54 | | | | | | Vascular system | 10 | 17 | | | | | | Nervous system | 18 | 15 | | | | | | Locomotive organs | 2 | 0 | | | | | | Fevers | 3 | 3 | | | | | | Inquest cases | 4 | 0 | | | | | Total | | 121 | 108 | | | | | From 60 to 70 years. | Digestive organs | 7 | 17 | | | | | | Genito-urinary organs | 1 | 6 | | | | | | Respiratory organs | 88 | 78 | | | | | | Vascular system | 13 | 15 | | | | | | Nervous system | 13 | 24 | | | | | | Locomotive organs | 2 | 2 | | | | | | Fevers | 5 | 6 | | | | | | Inquest cases | 2 | 0 | | | | | Total | | 131 | 148 | | | | | Hearts. | Under general average | 88 | 11·5 | 5·75 | 9·52 | 60 | 9·5 | 5 | 7·58 | | | Above general average | 49 | 27 | 11·75| 16·29| 46 | 17·25| 9·75| 12·36| | Livers. | Under general average | 88 | 58 | 30 | 53·41| 65 | 49 | 25·5| 41·08| | | Above general average | 51 | 192 | 58·25| 74·12| 41 | 130 | 49·25| 62·1 | | Kidneys.| Right | 50 | 9 | 2·5 | 5·07 | 32 | 7 | 2·25| 4·25 | | | Left | 50 | 9 | 2·5 | 5·57 | 32 | 7 | 2·25| 4·42 | | Hearts. | Under general average | 71 | 11·75| 6 | 9·62 | 63 | 10·25| 5 | 8·33 | | | Above general average | 48 | 30 | 12 | 15·51| 43 | 24 | 10·3| 13·24| | Livers. | Under general average | 63 | 55·25| 30 | 46·06| 63 | 43·75| 28 | 37·07| | | Above general average | 55 | 88 | 55·5 | 65·42| 44 | 90 | 44 | 54·37| | Kidneys.| Right | 36 | 7·25 | 3·25 | 5·21 | 37 | 7·75 | 1·5| 4·27 | | | Left | 36 | 9·25 | 3·5 | 5·62 | 38 | 8 | 2·25| 4·58 | | Hearts. | Under general average | 79 | 12·75| 7 | 10·52| 90 | 10·5 | 5·25| 8·72 | | | Above general average | 47 | 24·75| 13 | 17·02| 59 | 20 | 10·75| 13·5 | | Livers. | Under general average | 69 | 48 | 23 | 38·32| 91 | 42·75| 25 | 37·52| | | Above general average | 58 | 173 | 48·25| 57·31| 63 | 79 | 43 | 51·03| | Kidneys.| Right | 35 | 7·5 | 2·75 | 4·54 | 50 | 12·5 | 1·5| 4·38 | | | Left | 35 | 7·25 | 5 | 4·68 | 50 | 7 | 1·5| 4·46 | | Age | Sex | Body | Cerebral organs | Thoracic organs | Abdominal organs | |-----|-----|------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| | | | Weight | Height | Cerebrum | Cerebellum | Pons and medulla | Encephalon | Right lung | Left lung | Heart | Thymus | Stomach | Liver | Spleen | Pancreas | Kidneys | Renal capsules | Uterus | | | | lbs. oz. | ft. in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M | 135 | 6 | 1 | 53·5 | 6·75 | 1·5 | 60 | 83·5 | 66 | 27 | ... | 11·5 | 192 | 33 | 6 | 20·5 | 1·5 | 1·25 | | F | 133 | 5 | 7 | 46 | 6 | 1·25 | 52·5 | 42·5 | 43·5 | 17·25 | ... | 9·5 | 130 | 15 | 5·25 | 21·5 | 1·25 | | | | Maximum | Minimum | Average | Number examined | | M | 54 | 4 | 6 | 27·75 | 4·5 | 75 | 33·75 | 5 | 5 | 5·75 | ... | 3·75 | 39 | 1·75 | 2 | 5·5 | 27 | 5 | | F | 44 | 4 | 10 | 31·25 | 4 | 5 | 27·5 | 7·5 | 8·25 | 5 | ... | 3 | 25·5 | 1 | 1·75 | 3·5 | 25 | 5 | | From 40 to 50 years. | | M | 102 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 41·48 | 5·22 | 1·06 | 47·75 | 31·21 | 28·63 | 11·53 | ... | 5·83 | 58·08 | 6·19 | 3·48 | 10·89 | 7·4 | | F | 84 | 9·5 | 5 | 2 | 37·12 | 4·69 | 0·89 | 42·81 | 19·73 | 17·47 | 9·6 | ... | 5·2 | 49·03 | 5·04 | 2·73 | 8·8 | 6·2 | 1·95 | | | | Maximum | Minimum | Average | Number examined | | M | 135 | 137 | 121 | 120 | 120 | 137 | 127 | 127 | 137 | ... | 136 | 139 | 138 | 132 | 140 | 105 | 88 | | F | 97 | 97 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 106 | 87 | 87 | 106 | ... | 103 | 106 | 104 | 99 | 106 | 77 | 88 | | From 50 to 60 years. | | M | 188 | 6 | 2 | 52 | 7 | 1·75 | 59 | 57·5 | 58·5 | 30 | ... | 10 | 88 | 22 | 7 | 16·5 | 1·25 | | F | 171 | 5 | 7 | 46 | 5·75 | 1·5 | 52·5 | 38·75 | 55 | 24 | ... | 8·5 | 90 | 17 | 6 | 14·25 | 1·25 | 4·5 | | | | Maximum | Minimum | Average | Number examined | | M | 66 | 4 | 10 | 24·5 | 4 | 5 | 30·5 | 10 | 9·25 | 6 | ... | 3·5 | 30 | 7·5 | 1 | 5·5 | 25 | 7·5 | | F | 50 | 4 | 6 | 29·5 | 3 | 5 | 30·25 | 7·5 | 7 | 5 | ... | 2·3 | 28 | 7·5 | 1·25 | 4 | 25 | 7·5 | | From 60 to 70 years. | | M | 102 | 5·5 | 6 | 41·09 | 5·13 | 0·8 | 47·44 | 30·32 | 26·29 | 11·83 | ... | 5·58 | 55·37 | 5·23 | 3·46 | 9·1 | 6·4 | | F | 86 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 37·38 | 4·62 | 0·86 | 43·12 | 19·48 | 17·08 | 10·44 | ... | 5·42 | 44 | 4·67 | 2·83 | 8·55 | 6·5 | 1·75 | | | | Maximum | Minimum | Average | Number examined | | M | 110 | 114 | 111 | 111 | 111 | 119 | 108 | 108 | 119 | ... | 113 | 118 | 112 | 116 | 116 | 101 | 93 | | F | 100 | 104 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 103 | 97 | 97 | 106 | ... | 103 | 107 | 105 | 89 | 108 | 89 | 93 | | From 60 to 70 years. | | M | 256 | 6 | 2 | 52·5 | 7 | 1·5 | 59·5 | 59·25 | 52 | 24·75 | ... | 9 | 173 | 20 | 5 | 14·5 | 1·25 | | F | 147 | 6 | 0 | 48 | 6·25 | 1·25 | 54 | 49·5 | 34·5 | 20 | ... | 9·25 | 79 | 15·5 | 6 | 14 | 1·25 | 3·5 | | | | Maximum | Minimum | Average | Number examined | | M | 70 | 5 | 0 | 31 | 3·5 | 5 | 36·25 | 13 | 10 | 7 | ... | 3 | 23 | 1·5 | 1·5 | 3·25 | 1·2 | | F | 50 | 4 | 6 | 27·5 | 3·75 | 5 | 32·5 | 7 | 6·5 | 5·25 | ... | 3 | 25 | 1·5 | 1·25 | 4 | 25 | 7·5 | | From 60 to 70 years. | | M | 103 | 13 | 5 | 5·7 | 40·21 | 4·98 | 0·97 | 46·4 | 28·52 | 24·16 | 12·94 | ... | 5·58 | 48·24 | 4·82 | 3·1 | 8·83 | 6·7 | | F | 86 | 14 | 5 | 1·5 | 37·13 | 4·68 | 0·83 | 42·69 | 20·32 | 16·59 | 10·64 | ... | 5·3 | 42·98 | 4·07 | 2·8 | 8·28 | 6·4 | 1·53 | | | | Maximum | Minimum | Average | Number examined | | M | 123 | 125 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 127 | 114 | 114 | 126 | ... | 125 | 127 | 126 | 122 | 123 | 102 | 140 | | F | 142 | 148 | 136 | 134 | 134 | 149 | 136 | 136 | 149 | ... | 144 | 154 | 150 | 145 | 148 | 121 | 140 | 2 M 2 ### Table I | Age | Assigned causes of death | No. | Average | Maximum | Minimum | |-----|--------------------------|-----|---------|---------|---------| | | | Right. | Left. | Right. | Left. | Right. | Left. | | | Causes. Males. Females. Lungs. | Male. Female. | Male. Female. | Male. Female. | Male. Female. | Male. Female. | Male. Female. | | From 70 to 80 years. Diseases of | Digestive organs. Genito-urinary organs. Respiratory organs. Vascular system. Nervous system. Locomotive organs. Fevers. Total. | 104 | 153 | | | | | | | Healthy. Phthisis. Pneumonia. Bronchitis. Healthy. Phthisis. Pneumonia. Bronchitis. | 13 | 21 | 18·08 | 16·13 | 22 | 23·5 | 15 | 9 | | | 13 | 12 | 29·88 | 30·8 | 47 | 42·5 | 19·5 | 19 | | | 40 | 30 | 32·78 | 27·65 | 85 | 43·5 | 20 | 18·25 | | | 21 | 23 | 23·42 | 19·36 | 31·75 | 35 | 15·5 | 13 | | | 48 | 56 | 13·32 | 12·34 | 19 | 18 | 6·5 | 5·5 | | | 11 | 11 | 23·67 | 18·26 | 31 | 27 | 14 | 10·5 | | | 35 | 37 | 25·11 | 25·38 | 45 | 48·5 | 15 | 15 | | | 33 | 33 | 19·04 | 16·08 | 30 | 22·75 | 12·5 | 11 | | | Hearts. Under general average. Above general average. Livers. Under general average. Above general average. Kidneys. Right. Left. | 57 | 13 | 5·5 | 9·96 | 86 | 10 | 5·25 | 8·09 | | | 43 | 27·5 | 13·25 | 17·04 | 64 | 21 | 10·25 | 12·5 | | | 56 | 46 | 27 | 37·29 | 79 | 38·25 | 19·5 | 32·49 | | | 48 | 92 | 46·5 | 57·81 | 69 | 70 | 38·5 | 44·97 | | | 19 | 6·75 | 2 | 4·46 | 31 | 5·75 | 1·5 | 3·8 | | | 19 | 9 | 3·25 | 5·19 | 31 | 7 | 2·25 | 3·96 | | Upwards of 80 years. Diseases of | Digestive organs. Genito-urinary organs. Respiratory organs. Vascular system. Nervous system. Locomotive organs. Fevers. Inquest cases. Unknown causes. Total. | 24 | 79 | | | | | | | Healthy. Phthisis. Pneumonia. Bronchitis. Healthy. Phthisis. Pneumonia. Bronchitis. | 1 | 4 | 16·37 | 18·5 | ... | 19·5 | 13 | | | 4 | 4 | 25·75 | 28·81 | 38 | 21 | 19 | | | 13 | 10 | 34·13 | 26·85 | 61·5 | 32·5 | 29 | 22·5 | | | 4 | 4 | 23·69 | 21·37 | 25 | 28 | 22 | 16·5 | | | 26 | 34 | 13·31 | 12 | 19 | 17·5 | 7·75 | 6 | | | 6 | 6 | 21·29 | 19·25 | 24·25 | 24 | 16·5 | 13·5 | | | 19 | 11 | 24·53 | 25·59 | 50 | 38·5 | 17 | 17·5 | | | 20 | 20 | 17·63 | 13·7 | 25·5 | 21·5 | 10·5 | 8·5 | | | Hearts. Under general average. Above general average. Livers. Under general average. Above general average. Kidneys. Right. Left. | 12 | 12 | 8 | 10·1 | 50 | 10·25 | 5·5 | 8·71 | | | 12 | 16·75 | 12·5 | 14·1 | 26 | 26·5 | 10·5 | 13·27 | | | 12 | 39·5 | 25·5 | 33·89 | 43 | 34·5 | 22 | 29·37 | | | 12 | 57 | 42 | 48·14 | 31 | 57 | 33 | 41·96 | | | 2 | 6 | 5·75 | 5·87 | 6 | 3·75 | 2·5 | 3·46 | | | 2 | 6·25 | 6 | 6·12 | 6 | 4 | 2·5 | 3·58 | | Age. Sex. | Body. | Cerebral organs. | Thoracic organs. | Abdominal organs. | |----------|-------|-----------------|------------------|-------------------| | | Weight | Height | Cerebrum. | Cerebellum. | Pons and medulla. | Encephalon. | Right lung | Left lung | Heart. | Thymus. | Stomach. | Liver. | Spleen. | Pancreas. | Kidneys. | Renal capsules. | Uterus. | | | lbs. oz. ft. in. oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | M. | 172 0 6 1 43 | 6·25 | 1·75 | 5·25 | 85 | 43·5 | 27·5 | ... | 11·75 | 92 | 17·5 | 6·25 | 21·75 | 1·25 | 4·5 | | F. | 232 0 5 7 43 | 5·75 | 1·75 | 49·5 | 45 | 48·5 | 21 | ... | 9 | 70 | 15·5 | 5·5 | 13 | 1 | 4·5 | | Maximum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 60 0 5 0 32 | 3·25 | ·5 | 37·75 | 15 | 9 | 5·5 | ... | 2·5 | 27 | 1 | 1·5 | 4 | ·2 | ·5 | | F. | 51 0 4 0 24·5 | 2·5 | ·5 | 29·25 | 6·5 | 5·5 | 5·25 | ... | 1·75 | 19·5 | 1·25 | 1·25 | 4 | ·25 | ·5 | | Minimum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 106 13 5 5·7 | 39·6 | 4·97 | ·94 | 45·5 | 18·77 | 17·11 | 13·14 | ... | 5·92 | 13·33 | 4·93 | 3·22 | 10·63 | ·63 | | F. | 80 4 5 1 | 35·58 | 4·47 | ·88 | 41·27 | 16·76 | 14·59 | 10·10 | ... | 5·98 | 38·37 | 3·57 | 2·62 | 7·63 | ·61 | 1·56 | | Average. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 102 | 102 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 104 | 87 | 86 | 100 | ... | 100 | 104 | 100 | 93 | 92 | 78 | | F. | 146 | 150 | 128 | 127 | 126 | 148 | 127 | 127 | 150 | ... | 149 | 143 | 150 | 145 | 119 | 127 | | Number examined. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 125 0 6 0 | 46·5 | 6 | 1·25 | 53·75 | 61·5 | 38 | 16·75 | ... | 6·5 | 57 | 13 | 4·5 | 12 | 1 | 3 | | F. | 114 0 5 7 | 42 | 6·25 | 1·5 | 48 | 50 | 38·5 | 26·5 | ... | 7 | 57 | 11 | 4·25 | 10·25 | 1 | 3 | | Maximum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 67 0 5 2 | 36 | 3·25 | ·5 | 41 | 19·5 | 13 | 8 | ... | 3·5 | 25·5 | 1·5 | 1·5 | 6 | ·37 | ·75 | | F. | 53 0 4 6 | 28 | 3·25 | ·5 | 33·25 | 7·75 | 6 | 5·5 | ... | 2·5 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ·19 | ·75 | | Minimum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 99 0 5 6·7 | 39·62 | 4·79 | ·89 | 45·34 | 30·46 | 24·30 | 12·1 | ... | 4·99 | 41·01 | 4·27 | 2·83 | 8·25 | ·67 | ·42 | | F. | 79 5 5 0 | 34·47 | 4·47 | ·82 | 39·77 | 18·22 | 15·23 | 10·27 | ... | 4·49 | 34·64 | 3·46 | 2·37 | 6·83 | ·59 | ·42 | | Average. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 22 | 22 | 24 | ... | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 19 | | F. | 75 | 76 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 77 | 71 | 71 | 76 | ... | 78 | 74 | 74 | 78 | 77 | 71 | 70 | | Number examined. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ### Table III Showing the maximum, minimum, and average height and weight of the human body, and female patients, examined in the Somerset County Lunatic Asylum. The assigned causes of death. | Forms of Insanity | Under 30 years | From 30 to 40 years | |-------------------|---------------|---------------------| | | Male | Female | Male | Female | | Mania | 13 | 11 | 16 | 21 | | Dementia | 3 | 4 | 6 | 4 | | Melancholia | 2 | 2 | 6 | 7 | | Monomania | 1 | 1 | 3 | | | Delirium tremens | | | 1 | | | Idiocy | 4 | 1 | | | | Epilepsy with | | | | | | Mania | 9 | 6 | 3 | 9 | | Dementia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | Melancholia | 1 | | 1 | 1 | | General paralysis with | | | | | | Mania | | | 8 | 1 | | Dementia | 1 | | 6 | 3 | | Melancholia | | | 1 | | | Monomania | | | 6 | | Total: 46 Male, 30 Female, 61 Male, 49 Female ### Assigned causes of death | Age | Causes | Males | Females | Lungs | No. | Average | Maximum | Minimum | |-----|--------|-------|---------|-------|-----|---------|---------|---------| | | | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Digestive organs | 5 | 3 | | | | | | | | | Genito-urinary organs | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | | Respiratory organs | 27 | 17 | | | | | | | | | Vascular system | 1 | 0 | | | | | | | | | Nervous system | 11 | 10 | | | | | | | | | Locomotive organs | 1 | 0 | | | | | | | | | Inquest cases | 1 | 0 | | | | | | | | | Total | 46 | 30 | | | | | | | Hearts: | Age | Causes | Males | Females | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | |-----|--------|-------|---------|-----|------|------|-------| | | | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | | | | | | | | | | | | Under general average | 24 | 8·5 | 5 | 7·11 | 14 | 7·5 | 5 | 6 | | | Above general average | 22 | 12·5 | 9 | 10·51| 15 | 9·75 | 8 | 8·6 | Livers: | Age | Causes | Males | Females | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | |-----|--------|-------|---------|-----|------|------|-------| | | | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | | | | | | | | | | | | Under general average | 23 | 50 | 28 | 40·88| 18 | 44 | 24·5 | 38·22| | | Above general average | 23 | 84 | 51 | 60·84| 11 | 75 | 45·75| 61·87| ### From 30 to 40 years | Age | Causes | Males | Females | Lungs | No. | Average | Maximum | Minimum | |-----|--------|-------|---------|-------|-----|---------|---------|---------| | | | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Digestive organs | 2 | 10 | | | | | | | | | Genito-urinary organs | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | | Respiratory organs | 32 | 25 | | | | | | | | | Vascular system | 0 | 3 | | | | | | | | | Nervous system | 26 | 11 | | | | | | | | | Locomotive organs | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | | Fevers | 1 | 0 | | | | | | | | | Total | 61 | 49 | | | | | | | Hearts: | Age | Causes | Males | Females | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | |-----|--------|-------|---------|-----|------|------|-------| | | | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | | | | | | | | | | | | Under general average | 35 | 9·9 | 5·25 | 8·54 | 29 | 7·5 | 4·5 | 6·49 | | | Above general average | 21 | 16·5 | 10·5 | 12·03| 20 | 16 | 8·25 | 9·38 | Livers: | Age | Causes | Males | Females | No. | Max. | Min. | Aver. | |-----|--------|-------|---------|-----|------|------|-------| | | | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | | | | | | | | | | | | Under general average | 30 | 55·25 | 37 | 47·25| 29 | 43·25 | 26·5 | 37·68| | | Above general average | 29 | 74·75 | 53·25 | 64·07| 20 | 114 | 44·75 | 51·49| Table III: Weight of the internal organs and measurement of the head, in 528 cases, 295 male and 233 causes of death, &c., as in Table I., and the forms of insanity, are also shown. | From 40 to 50 years | From 50 to 60 years | From 60 to 70 years | From 70 to 80 years | Upwards of 80 years | |---------------------|--------------------|--------------------|--------------------|-------------------| | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | | 25 | 14 | 14 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | | 13 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 14 | 14 | 5 | 12 | 7 | 4 | | 4 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 1 | | | 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 1 | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | | | | | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | | | | | 12 | 5 | 3 | 1 | | | | | | | | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | 77 | 49 | 43 | 39 | 39 | 41 | 21 | 20 | 8 | 5 | --- **Body.** | Age Sex | Measurement of head. | Cerebral organs. | Thoracic organs. | Abdominal organs. | |---------|----------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------| | | Weight. | Height. | Circumference. | Antero-posterior.| Transverse. | Right hemisphere.| Left hemisphere.| Cerebrum. | Pons and medulla.| Encephalon. | Spinal cord. | Right lung. | Left lung. | Heart. | Stomach. | Liver. | Spleen. | Pancreas. | Right kidney. | Left kidney. | Renal capsules.| Uterus. | | M | lbs. oz. ft. in. | in. | in. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | F | lbs. oz. ft. in. | in. | in. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | **Maximum.** | M | 185 0 6 0 23 5 15 25 15 5 25 5 6 5 1 5 5 8 7 2 49 5 12 5 8 8 4 7 5 6 8 5 8 1 2 5 | | F | 106 0 5 8 23 14 16 5 24 5 24 7 6 25 1 5 5 5 7 5 3 1 9 7 5 6 5 7 5 1 6 5 7 7 5 1 2 | **Minimum.** | M | 55 0 5 3 20 25 10 5 10 13 7 5 8 3 25 7 5 30 7 5 8 6 5 3 5 28 2 25 2 25 1 7 5 1 5 5 | | F | 47 0 4 11 19 5 11 12 13 13 3 5 7 5 31 7 5 10 8 5 3 7 5 24 5 2 5 2 7 5 2 7 5 2 5 7 5 | **Average.** | M | 91 8 5 6 7 22 0 3 13 32 13 29 20 89 21 05 5 23 1 0 4 48 17 1 1 25 32 22 55 8 7 5 5 4 4 50 18 4 66 3 52 4 65 4 82 7 9 | | F | 77 10 5 2 5 21 22 13 07 13 32 19 21 19 51 4 52 1 0 1 44 55 1 0 5 19 82 18 57 7 57 5 06 44 84 5 13 2 94 4 14 4 32 7 4 1 24 | Number examined. | M | 40 39 38 38 38 44 44 43 43 45 18 46 45 46 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 44 | | F | 27 22 24 24 23 30 30 30 30 30 18 30 30 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 27 28 | --- **From 30 to 40 years.** | Maximum. | |----------| | M | 158 0 6 0 24 14 75 15 24 5 25 7 1 5 57 5 1 7 5 74 52 16 5 9 7 4 75 12 75 5 75 10 10 5 1 2 5 | | F | 123 0 5 6 5 23 14 14 24 24 5 6 1 7 5 55 75 1 5 46 5 33 16 7 11 4 20 25 5 7 5 8 1 4 5 | **Minimum.** | M | 66 0 5 2 20 5 10 10 13 5 14 5 4 7 5 35 25 1 10 9 5 5 25 4 37 2 5 2 2 5 3 5 5 | | F | 50 0 4 10 19 9 14 5 14 5 3 7 5 7 5 34 5 7 6 4 5 3 25 26 5 1 7 5 17 5 2 2 7 5 2 5 7 5 | **Average.** | M | 103 1 5 5 7 2 22 16 13 2 13 25 19 82 19 94 5 33 1 0 5 46 14 1 1 28 32 24 04 9 9 4 5 9 3 5 5 45 5 64 3 54 5 01 5 33 8 3 | | F | 77 14 5 3 5 21 31 12 77 12 77 18 63 18 84 4 93 1 0 5 43 29 1 0 8 19 44 17 34 7 73 5 09 43 36 5 47 3 09 4 17 4 45 8 1 8 4 | Number examined. | M | 55 53 46 45 46 61 61 61 61 22 59 59 59 58 59 59 59 59 58 58 57 | | F | 49 48 42 42 42 46 46 46 48 48 49 18 48 48 49 48 49 46 47 49 48 46 44 | ### Table II | Age | Assigned causes of death | No. | Average | Maximum | Minimum | |-----|--------------------------|-----|---------|---------|---------| | | | | Right. | Left. | Right. | Left. | Right. | Left. | | | Causes. | Males. | Females. | Lungs. | Male. | Female. | Male. | Female. | | | | | | Right. | Left. | Right. | Left. | Right. | Left. | | From 40 to 50 years. | Digestive organs | 4 | 9 | Healthy | 14 | 24 | 16-43 | 15-64 | 19-5 | 19-25 | 10-25 | 10-5 | | | Genito-urinary organs | 0 | 1 | Phthisis | 9 | 7 | 29-84 | 27-1 | 48-5 | 33 | 20 | 17-5 | | | Respiratory organs | 43 | 18 | Pneumonia | 50 | 42 | 33-54 | 29-79 | 73-75 | 60 | 20 | 19 | | | Vascular system | 1 | 3 | Bronchitis | 3 | 3 | 26-5 | 23-12 | 34 | 29 | 26 | 19-5 | | | Nervous system | 29 | 15 | Healthy | 31 | 35 | 14-1 | 13-6 | 19-5 | 20 | 6 | 6 | | | Locomotive organs | 0 | 2 | Phthisis | 3 | 3 | 23-98 | 23 | 26 | 31-5 | 20 | 18-5 | | | Fevers | 0 | 0 | Pneumonia | 14 | 10 | 23-58 | 22-02 | 35 | 27 | 20 | 20 | | | Total | 77 | 49 | Bronchitis | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | 22 | 23 | ... | ... | | | Hearts. | Under general average | 40 | 10-5 | 6-5 | 9-31 | 25 | 8-25 | 4-75 | 6-82 | | | Above general average | 33 | 16-5 | 10-75 | 12-33 | 24 | 12-5 | 8-5 | 9-87 | | | Livers. | Under general average | 42 | 56-5 | 36 | 48-53 | 26 | 43-25 | 25 | 35-02 | | | Above general average | 34 | 89 | 57-1 | 67-58 | 22 | 98-75 | 44 | 53 | | From 50 to 60 years. | Digestive organs | 4 | 5 | Healthy | 8 | 13 | 17-83 | 15-84 | 19-5 | 19 | 13 | 8 | | | Genito-urinary organs | 0 | 0 | Phthisis | 9 | 9 | 28-87 | 26-3 | 57 | 42 | 16-5 | 11 | | | Respiratory organs | 23 | 15 | Pneumonia | 24 | 19 | 29-27 | 28-58 | 50 | 57 | 18 | 17-5 | | | Vascular system | 0 | 5 | Bronchitis | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | 25-75 | 23-5 | ... | ... | | | Nervous system | 16 | 13 | Healthy | 24 | 24 | 14-61 | 12-14 | 19 | 16-75 | 7 | 6-75 | | | Locomotive organs | 0 | 1 | Phthisis | 5 | 5 | 26-58 | 19-37 | 60-25 | 23-75 | 21-5 | 16 | | | Fevers | 0 | 0 | Pneumonia | 10 | 10 | 27-41 | 26-82 | 39 | 40 | 20 | 16 | | | Total | 43 | 39 | Bronchitis | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | | Hearts. | Under general average | 26 | 10-75 | 5 | 9-48 | 22 | 9 | 5-5 | 7-55 | | | Above general average | 16 | 24 | 11-25 | 14-5 | 17 | 16-75 | 9-25 | 13-31 | | | Livers. | Under general average | 19 | 52-5 | 13 | 40-43 | 25 | 45-5 | 24-5 | 38-05 | | | Above general average | 23 | 95 | 53-5 | 63-47 | 14 | 119-5 | 48 | 58-42 | | From 60 to 70 years. | Digestive organs | 2 | 9 | Healthy | 10 | 16 | 15-7 | 14-85 | 18-5 | 18-5 | 8-5 | 7 | | | Genito-urinary organs | 1 | 0 | Phthisis | 3 | 3 | 42-87 | 35-87 | 48-75 | 42 | 37 | 29-75 | | | Respiratory organs | 13 | 14 | Pneumonia | 23 | 17 | 37-33 | 32-89 | 74-5 | 47 | 23-5 | 20 | | | Vascular system | 4 | 4 | Bronchitis | 3 | 3 | 19-5 | 16-5 | 21-75 | 19 | 16-5 | 16 | | | Nervous system | 16 | 13 | Healthy | 26 | 30 | 13-50 | 12-21 | 18-75 | 18 | 9 | 7-5 | | | Locomotive organs | 0 | 1 | Phthisis | 7 | 7 | 21-54 | 24-87 | 30 | 26 | 12-5 | 15 | | | Fevers | 1 | 0 | Pneumonia | 7 | 3 | 22-36 | 30-16 | 28 | 50 | 19 | 19-5 | | | Inquest cases | 2 | 0 | Bronchitis | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | 20 | 19-5 | ... | ... | | | Total | 39 | 41 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | | Hearts. | Under general average | 22 | 12 | 6-5 | 9-53 | 26 | 9 | 6 | 7-62 | | | Above general average | 17 | 27-5 | 12-5 | 15-58 | 15 | 15-5 | 9-5 | 11-77 | | | Livers. | Under general average | 25 | 50 | 36 | 45-13 | 21 | 41 | 27 | 33-63 | | | Above general average | 14 | 73 | 51 | 61-6 | 20 | 58 | 41-5 | 49-7 | | Age. Sex. | Body. | Measurement of head. | Cerebral organs. | Thoracic organs. | Abdominal organs. | |----------|-------|----------------------|------------------|-----------------|------------------| | | Weight. | Height. | Circumference. | Antero-posterior. | Transverse. | Right hemi-sphere. | Left hemi-sphere. | Cerebellum. | Pons and medulla. | Encephalon. | Spinal cord. | Right lung. | Left lung. | Heart. | Stomach. | Liver. | Spleen. | Pancreas. | Right kidney. | Left kidney. | Renal capsules. | Uterus. | | | lbs. oz. ft. in. | in. | in. | in. | in. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | oz. | | From 40 to 50 years. | M. | 257 0 6 0 | 24 5 | 16 | 15 | 25 5 | 25 5 | 6 5 | 1 5 | 57 75 | 73 75 | 60 | 16 5 | 10 | 89 | 14 25 | 7 5 | 9 | 2 | 3 | | | F. | 132 0 5 7 | 23 | 14 5 | 15 5 | 23 | 21 5 | 6 5 | 1 5 | 51 25 | 1 37 | 35 | 31 5 | 12 5 | 8 25 | 98 75 | 11 5 | 5 25 | 7 5 | 7 | 1 | 3 | | Maximum. | M. | 61 0 5 0 | 20 5 | 10 5 | 10 25 | 15 | 15 25 | 4 | 75 36 | 25 | 75 10 25 | 10 5 | 6 5 | 3 75 | 36 | 1 75 | 2 | 3 | 2 5 | 5 | | | F. | 47 0 4 9 | 19 | 10 5 | 11 75 | 3 | 75 27 | 25 | 75 | 6 5 | 6 | 4 75 | 3 | 25 | 1 5 | 1 25 | 1 75 | 2 | 5 | 1 | | Minimum. | M. | 109 15 5 | 5 7 | 22 46 | 13 27 | 13 29 | 19 49 | 19 67 | 5 42 | 1 08 | 45 96 | 1 13 | 29 42 | 24 95 | 10 75 | 6 01 | 57 02 | 5 19 | 3 77 | 5 11 | 5 54 | 9 1 | | | F. | 76 14 2 | 5 1 6 | 21 45 | 12 91 | 12 84 | 18 05 | 18 24 | 4 33 | 1 03 | 42 23 | 9 7 | 17 55 | 16 05 | 8 31 | 5 19 | 43 51 | 4 33 | 2 88 | 4 2 | 4 42 | 7 6 | 1 83 | | Number examined. | M. | 57 | 57 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 71 | 43 | | | F. | 47 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 27 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 43 | | From 50 to 60 years. | M. | 204 0 6 3 | 23 5 | 14 5 | 14 5 | 24 | 24 5 | 7 | 1 5 | 56 | 1 5 | 59 | 57 | 24 | 10 | 95 | 15 | 6 5 | 7 | 8 25 | 1 5 | 2 75 | | | F. | 128 0 5 7 | 22 5 | 14 5 | 14 25 | 22 5 | 23 25 | 6 | 1 25 | 51 75 | 1 | 39 | 40 | 16 75 | 11 | 119 5 | 14 | 5 5 | 7 75 | 5 5 | 1 5 | 2 75 | | Maximum. | M. | 51 0 5 2 | 20 | 10 5 | 11 | 14 5 | 14 75 | 4 25 | 75 | 34 5 | 75 | 13 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 2 | 1 75 | 3 5 | 4 | 5 | | | F. | 52 0 4 7 | 20 25 | 11 | 10 | 15 25 | 14 25 | 3 5 | 5 | 34 25 | 75 | 7 | 6 75 | 5 5 | 3 | 24 5 | 1 75 | 1 75 | 2 5 | 1 5 | 5 | | Average. | M. | 110 4 25 | 7 8 | 22 15 | 12 9 | 13 31 | 20 44 | 20 73 | 5 35 | 1 06 | 47 68 | 1 06 | 26 45 | 23 82 | 11 22 | 6 19 | 52 8 | 5 06 | 3 64 | 4 89 | 5 41 | 8 9 | | | F. | 79 14 | 5 2 5 | 21 48 | 12 95 | 12 73 | 18 66 | 18 75 | 4 74 | 1 03 | 48 18 | 9 9 | 19 42 | 16 52 | 9 15 | 5 38 | 45 53 | 4 43 | 3 38 | 4 21 | 4 13 | 7 5 | 1 77 | | Number examined. | M. | 38 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 16 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 36 | | | F. | 37 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 19 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 37 | | From 60 to 70 years. | M. | 188 0 6 0 | 23 5 | 14 5 | 15 | 25 5 | 26 | 6 | 1 96 | 58 75 | 1 25 | 74 5 | 47 | 27 5 | 10 5 | 73 | 10 | 5 75 | 6 75 | 6 75 | 1 5 | 2 52 | | | F. | 132 0 5 7 | 22 5 | 14 | 14 | 21 5 | 21 5 | 6 5 | 1 25 | 48 25 | 1 25 | 30 | 50 | 15 5 | 7 5 | 58 | 8 25 | 5 5 | 6 75 | 1 | 2 52 | | Maximum. | M. | 67 0 5 3 | 21 | 10 5 | 11 5 | 15 | 14 75 | 4 25 | 75 | 35 75 | 75 | 8 5 | 7 | 6 5 | 4 | 36 | 2 25 | 2 5 | 3 5 | 3 5 | 5 | | | F. | 46 0 5 0 | 20 | 11 | 10 5 | 14 | 14 | 4 | 75 | 33 25 | 91 | 9 5 | 7 5 | 6 | 2 75 | 27 | 1 5 | 1 75 | 2 5 | 2 5 | 5 | | Average. | M. | 106 15 25 | 5 8 | 22 34 | 13 28 | 13 4 | 20 66 | 20 86 | 5 22 | 1 08 | 47 82 | 1 03 | 29 02 | 22 91 | 12 42 | 5 87 | 50 77 | 4 72 | 3 7 | 4 53 | 5 09 | 8 9 | | | F. | 79 9 3 5 | 2 5 | 21 19 | 12 73 | 12 81 | 18 37 | 18 53 | 4 85 | 9 5 | 42 7 | 9 6 | 16 42 | 15 05 | 9 12 | 4 89 | 41 31 | 3 59 | 2 87 | 3 84 | 3 98 | 8 2 | 1 65 | | Number examined. | M. | 35 | 36 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 15 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 33 | | | F. | 39 | 38 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 35 | MDCCCLXI. | Age | Assigned causes of death | No. | Average | Maximum | Minimum | |-----|--------------------------|-----|---------|---------|---------| | | | | Right. | Left. | Right. | Left. | Right. | Left. | | | Causes. | Males. | Females. | Lungs. | Right. | Left. | Right. | Left. | | | | | | | Right. | Left. | Right. | Left. | | From 70 to 80 years. | Diseases of | | | | | | | | | | Digestive organs......... | 1 | 5 | | | | | | | | Genito-urinary organs.... | 1 | 0 | | | | | | | | Respiratory organs....... | 5 | 7 | | | | | | | | Vascular system.......... | 4 | 1 | | | | | | | | Nervous system........... | 10 | 7 | | | | | | | | Locomotive organs........ | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | Total | | 21 | 20 | | | | | | | Hearts. | | | | | | | | | | Under general average | | 9 | 11·46 | 6 | 11·37 | 14 | 9·2 | 6·5 | 8·03 | | Above general average | | 12 | 15·5 | 11 | 14·56 | 6 | 15 | 10·5 | 12·57 | | Livers. | | | | | | | | | | Under general average | | 10 | 41 | 32 | 37·67 | 12 | 38 | 28·25 | 34·91 | | Above general average | | 11 | 63 | 46 | 49·98 | 8 | 58 | 41 | 44·79 | | Upwards of 80 years. | Diseases of | | | | | | | | | | Digestive organs......... | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | Genito-urinary organs.... | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | Respiratory organs....... | 4 | 2 | | | | | | | | Vascular system.......... | 1 | 1 | | | | | | | | Nervous system........... | 3 | 2 | | | | | | | | Locomotive organs........ | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | Total | | 8 | 5 | | | | | | | Hearts. | | | | | | | | | | Under general average | | 4 | 13 | 12 | 12·25 | 4 | 9·25 | 9 | 9·06 | | Above general average | | 3 | 16 | 14 | 14·83 | 1 | 11 | ... | ... | | Livers. | | | | | | | | | | Under general average | | 5 | 41 | 32 | 38·58 | 2 | 38 | 36 | 37 | | Above general average | | 3 | 60 | 43 | 50 | 3 | 45 | 41 | 43·67 | | Age. Sex. | Body. | Measurement of head. | Cerebral organs. | Thoracic organs. | Abdominal organs. | |----------|-------|----------------------|------------------|-----------------|------------------| | | Weight. | Height. | Circumference. | Antero-posterior. | Transverse. | Cerebrum. | Right hemisphere. | Left hemisphere. | Cerebellum. | Pons and medulla. | Encephalon. | Spinal cord. | Right lung. | Left lung. | Heart. | Stomach. | Liver. | Spleen. | Pancreas. | Right kidney. | Left kidney. | Renal capsules. | Uterus. | | | lbs. oz. ft. in. in. in. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. oz. | | M. | 135 0 | 5 11 | 23·5 14 | 15 | 24·5 25 | 6 | 1·25 35 | 1·37 45 | 37 | 15·5 | 7·5 | 63 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 7·25 | 1 | | F. | 130 0 | 5 8 | 22 | 14 | 13·5 | 20 | 21 | 6 | 1·25 | 48 | 1·25 | 34 | 24·5 | 15 | 7 | 58 | 5 | 4·5 | 5 | 4·5 | 1·5 | 2·5 | | Maximum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 63 0 | 5 5 | 21 | 11 | 11·5 | 18 | 17·5 | 4 | 7·5 | 40·5 | 7·5 | 12·5 | 10·5 | 6 | 3·25 | 32 | 1·25 | 1·5 | 2 | 3 | 2·5 | 3 | 2·5 | | F. | 68 0 | 4 10 | 20 | 10·5 | 11·5 | 16 | 15·5 | 3·25 | 7·5 | 36·75 | 7·5 | 9 | 8 | 6·5 | 3·75 | 28·25 | 2 | 2 | 2·5 | 2·75 | 5 | 1 | | Minimum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 103 10·75 | 7·2 | 22·3 | 13·34 | 13·1 | 20·25 | 20·47 | 5·06 | 1·02 | 46·85 | 1 | 21·53 | 20·71 | 11·52 | 5·44 | 43·87 | 3·37 | 3·03 | 3·94 | 4·44 | 7·7 | | F. | 95 3·4 | 5 | 1·5 | 21·18 | 12·38 | 12·76 | 17·97 | 18·09 | 4·76 | 1·05 | 41·87 | 1·02 | 17·17 | 15·87 | 9·36 | 5·37 | 38·33 | 3·38 | 3·12 | 3·7 | 3·37 | 8·1 | 1·58 | | Average. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 13 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | | F. | 15 | 18 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 9 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | | Number examined. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 124 0 | 5 10 | 23 | 14·25 | 14 | 21·5 | 22 | 6 | 1·5 | 49·75 | 1·5 | 29 | 36 | 16 | 6·5 | 60 | 3·75 | 4 | 6 | 7·5 | 1 | | F. | 103 0 | 5 6 | 22·5 | 14·5 | 14 | 19·25 | 19·5 | 6 | 1 | 44·5 | 1 | 23 | 19·5 | 11 | 5·5 | 45 | 4 | 3·5 | 4 | 4 | 1·75 | 2 | | Maximum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 85 0 | 5 1 | 21·5 | 11 | 11·5 | 17 | 16 | 4·5 | 1 | 39·5 | 1 | 10·5 | 8·5 | 12 | 4 | 32 | 1·25 | 2 | 2·75 | 2·75 | 7·5 | | F. | 72 0 | 5 2 | 20 | 13 | 13 | 14·5 | 15·5 | 4·5 | 7·5 | 15·25 | 7·5 | 8·5 | 9 | 9 | 4 | 36 | 1·75 | 2·5 | 2 | 2·5 | 7·5 | 1·25 | | Minimum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 112 2 | 5 5 | 22·25 | 13·28 | 13·31 | 18·97 | 18·62 | 5·13 | 1·15 | 43·87 | 1·14 | 20·84 | 18·12 | 13·35 | 5 | 42·87 | 2·39 | 2·87 | 3·84 | 4·5 | 8·9 | | F. | 90 3 | 5 3·2 | 21·6 | 13·4 | 13·5 | 17·20 | 17·39 | 5 | 9·6 | 40·55 | 8·7 | 13·5 | 13·39 | 9·46 | 4·69 | 40·39 | 2·6 | 2·87 | 3·14 | 3·3 | 1·06 | 1·69 | | Average. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | | F. | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | Number examined. M. 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 F. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 Table No. I.—Assigned causes of death. In diseases of the digestive organs the disproportion between the sexes was great, 98 females to 45 males; there were 13 cases of infantile jaundice, 2 cases of imperforate anus, and 1 of malposition of the viscera in a new-born male. Diseases of the genito-urinary organs were more frequent amongst females than males, 33 to 15. Above half the mortality was owing to diseases of the respiratory organs; the percentage amongst the male adults was 64·5, and amongst the females 47·6. In infants from 3 months to 4 years, pneumonia, frequently combined with eruptive fevers, prevailed; from 4 to 60 years pulmonary phthisis was most prevalent; and after 60 years pneumonia again prevailed. Of phthisis, there were 253 males and 140 females. Under diseases of the vascular system have been included those of the heart and blood-vessels, diseased state of the blood, purpura, haemorrhage, dropsy, cachexy, scrofula, and cancer, which in the advanced periods of life, after 50 years, fell most heavily on females; the numbers were 85 males, and 120 females. Diseases of the nervous system were most fatal in infancy and old age, especially amongst male infants and aged females; the total numbers of all ages were males 167, females 187. Under the head "locomotive organs" are included accidents, diseases of bone, skin, and cellular tissue, of which there were 36 cases in both sexes. Of fevers, about 50 cases of the eruptive form occurred in infancy, and of ordinary fevers about 50 in adults. There were 43 "inquest cases," of which 23 were infants, mostly new-born, found exposed, and 20 were adults. There were 51 "causes unknown," viz. 47 still-born and new-born infants, and 4 females upwards of 80 years. Results. The general results obtained from a review of the foregoing cases among the poor of the parish of St. Marylebone, appear to be that, with few exceptions, the body and internal organs arrived at their full size in both sexes between 20 and 30 years. In children especially, the body was attenuated from disease: for example, one scrofulous female child, aged 3 years, weighed only $8\frac{1}{4}$ lbs., and the numbers about that age were insufficient to counterbalance the effect of such cases on the mean result, and form a standard of comparison for children of the same age under more favourable circumstances. The average weight of the males was greatest at from 70 to 80 years, which is to be accounted for by the large proportion cut off at earlier periods by pulmonary phthisis. The mean weight of the male brain was, at all periods, above that of the female, which was the probable cause of the large number of still-born male infants as compared with females, 51 to 32, and the necessity of resorting to craniotomy in five instances in the males only. The highest average weight of the brain in both sexes was from 14 to 20 years; the next highest was in the males from 30 to 40, and in the females from 20 to 30 years; but it will be observed that the number of cases were much fewer in these than in other later periods. The weight of the lungs was so much, and so frequently increased by disease, that healthy lungs were exceptions: it therefore appeared advisable to introduce in the margin their weights in various states; also the weights of the heart and liver, which were subject to great variations. The "Thymus gland," an organ which disappears with infancy, was so large in the fœtus in fourteen cases, that it appeared to have formed a fatal impediment to respiration. The abdominal organs were generally heavier in the male than in the female; the spleen in both was subject to considerable variations in size, and the mean weight of the left kidney was generally found greater than that of the right. **Table No. II.—Assigned causes of death.** Diseases of the digestive organs, principally peritonitis, enteritis, and dysentery, were found in 18 males and 41 females, and most frequently in females from 30 years of age and upwards. In 1 male and 2 females there was disease of the kidneys; diseases of the respiratory organs in 147, one-half of the males, and in 98 females; 44 were cases of pulmonary consumption in males and 37 in females; 91 were cases of pneumonia in males and 55 in females. Of diseases of the vascular system, 11 occurred in males and 17 in females; 5 were cases of pericarditis, 4 in males; 13 of dropsy, 8 in females; and 11 of cachexy, of which 7 were females. Diseases of the nervous system were found in 109 males and 66 females; viz. cerebral apoplexy in 9 males and 8 females; meningitis in 22 males and 11 females; disease of brain in 55 males and 36 females; myelitis in 23 males and 11 females; so that 37 per cent. of males and 28·3 per cent. of females had organic disease of the cerebral organs. In Table I. the proportion is only 12·3 per cent. in the males and 17·6 per cent. in the females. There were 3 deaths from lumbar abscess, 1 from cancer, 1 from erysipelas, 4 from fever, and 3 were inquest cases. **Results.** The average height of the adult male varied from 67·8 to 65 inches, of the female from 63·2 to 61·6 inches; while the mean weight of the former varied from 112·12 to 91·5 lbs., and of the latter from 95·2 to 76·9, showing a preponderance in the insane male of 6 lbs., and in the insane female of 8 lbs., as compared with the sane adults dying at the same period of life. The average weight of the right cerebral hemisphere varied in the males from 20·89 oz. to 18·97 oz., and in the females from 19·21 oz. to 17·20 oz.; the left varied in the males from 21·05 oz. to 18·62 oz., and from 19·51 oz. to 17·39 oz. in the females. It is a singular fact, confirmed by the examination of nearly 200 cases at St. Marylebone, in which the hemispheres were weighed separately, that almost invariably the weight of the left exceeded that of the right by at least the eighth of an ounce. In the Med. Chir. Trans. vol. xxxix., several cases of inequalities of the cerebral hemispheres which came under my notice are given. The average weight of the cerebellum varied in the males from 5·42 oz. to 5·06 oz., and from 5 to 4·74 oz. in the females; that of the pons Varolii and medulla in the males from 1·15 oz. to 1·02 oz., and from 1·05 to .95 oz. in the females; and that of the encephalon in males from 48·17 oz. to 43·87 oz., and in females from 44·55 oz. to 40·55 oz.; in the sane, at the same period of life, the average varied in the male from 48·2 to 45·34, and in the female from 43·7 to 39·77. The general average weight of the lungs is shown in the Table, and the exceptions in the margin. The average weight of the heart did not reach its maximum until an advanced period of life. In the abdominal organs nothing was observed differing essentially from those in Table No. I.