Front Matter

ADVERTISEMENT. The Committee appointed by the Royal Society to direct the publication of the Philosophical Transactions, take this opportunity to acquaint the Public, that it fully appears, as well from the Council-books and Journals of the Society, as from repeated declarations which have been made in several former Transactions, that the printing of them was always, from time to time, the single act of the respective Secretaries till the Forty-seventh Volume; the Society, as a Body, never interesting themselves any further in their publication, than by occasionally recommending the revival of them to some of their Secretaries, when, from the particular circumstances of their affairs, the Transactions had happened for any length of time to be intermitted. And this seems principally to have been done with a view to satisfy the Public, that their usual meetings were then continued, for the improvement of knowledge, and benefit of mankind, the great ends of their first institution by the Royal Charters, and which they have ever since steadily pursued. But the Society being of late years greatly enlarged, and their communications more numerous, it was thought advisable that a Committee of their members should be appointed, to reconsider the papers read before them, and select out of them such as they should judge most proper for publication in the future Transactions; which was accordingly done upon the 26th of March 1752. And the grounds of their choice are, and will continue to be, the importance and singularity of the subjects, or the advantageous manner of treating them; without pretending to answer for the certainty of the facts, or propriety of the reasonings, contained in the several papers so published, which must still rest on the credit or judgement of their respective authors. It is likewise necessary on this occasion to remark, that it is an established rule of the Society, to which they will always adhere, never to give their opinion, as a Body, upon any subject, either of Nature or Art, that comes before them. And therefore the thanks, which are frequently proposed from the Chair, to be given to the authors of such papers as are read at their accustomed meetings, or to the persons through whose hands they received them, are to be considered in no other light than as a matter of civility, in return for the respect shown to the Society by those communi- cations. The like also is to be said with regard to the several projects, inventions, and curiosities of various kinds, which are often exhibited to the Society; the authors whereof, or those who exhibit them, frequently take the liberty to report and even to certify in the public newspapers, that they have met with the highest applause and approbation. And therefore it is hoped that no regard will hereafter be paid to such reports and public notices; which in some instances have been too lightly credited, to the dishonour of the Society. The Meteorological Journal hitherto kept by the Assistant Secretary at the Apart- ments of the Royal Society, by order of the President and Council, and published in the Philosophical Transactions, has been discontinued. The Government, on the recommendation of the President and Council, has established at the Royal Obser- vatory at Greenwich, under the superintendence of the Astronomer Royal, a Magnet- ical and Meteorological Observatory, where observations are made on an extended scale, which are regularly published. These, which correspond with the grand scheme of observations now carrying out in different parts of the globe, supersede the necessity of a continuance of the observations made at the Apartments of the Royal Society, which could not be rendered so perfect as was desirable, on account of the imperfections of the locality and the multiplied duties of the observer. A List of Public Institutions and Individuals, entitled to receive a copy of the Philosophical Transactions of each year, on making application for the same directly or through their respective agents, within five years of the date of publication. **Observatories.** - Armagh. - Cape of Good Hope. - Dublin. - Edinburgh. - Greenwich. - Madras. - Oxford (Radcliffe). **Institutions.** - Barbadoes ..............Library and Museum. - Calcutta ...............Asiatic Society. - Cambridge .............Philosophical Society. - Dublin ..................Royal Dublin Society. - Royal Irish Academy. - Edinburgh ..............Royal Society. - London ................Admiralty Library. - Chemical Society. - Entomological Society. - Geological Society. - Geological Survey of Great Britain. - Horticultural Society. - Institute of British Architects. - Institution of Civil Engineers. - Linnean Society. - London Institution. - Medical and Chirurgical Society. - Queen's Library. - Royal Asiatic Society. - Royal Astronomical Society. - Royal College of Physicians. - Royal Geographical Society. - Royal Institution of Great Britain. - Royal Society of Literature. - Society of Antiquaries. - Society of Arts. - The Treasury Library. - United Service Museum. - Zoological Society. - Malta ..................Public Library. - Manchester ...........Literary and Philosophical Society. - Oxford ................Ashmolean Society. - Radcliffe Library. - Swansea ................Royal Institution. - Woolwich ..............Royal Artillery Library. **Belgium.** - Brussels ...............Royal Academy of Sciences. **Denmark.** - Altona ..................Royal Observatory. - Copenhagen ............Royal Society of Sciences. **France.** - Paris ...................Academy of Sciences. - Dépôt de la Marine. - Ecole des Mines. - Entomological Society. - Geographical Society. - Paris ...................Geological Society. - Jardin des Plantes. - Toulouse ...............Academy of Sciences. **Germany.** - Berlin ..................Royal Academy of Sciences. - Society of Experimental Philosophy. - Bonn ...................Caesarian Acad. of Naturalists. - Frankfort ..............Natural History Society. - Giessen ...............University. - Göttingen .............University. - Leipzig ...............Royal Saxon Society of Sciences. - Mannheim .............Observatory. - Munich ...............Royal Academy of Sciences. - Vienna ................Imperial Academy of Sciences. - Würzburg .............Physico-Medical Society. **Italy.** - Milan ..................Institute of Sciences, Letters and Arts. - Modena ...............Italian Society of Sciences. - Naples ...............Institute of Sciences. - Rome ..................The Academy de' Nuovi Lincei. - The Collegio Romano. - Turin ..................Royal Academy of Sciences. **Netherlands.** - Amsterdam ............Royal Institute. - Haarlem ...............Dutch Society of Sciences. - Rotterdam .............Batavian Society of Experimental Philosophy. **Portugal.** - Lisbon ................Royal Academy of Sciences. **Russia.** - Moscow ...............Imperial Society of Naturalists. - Pulkowa ..............Observatory. - St. Petersburgh .......Imperial Academy of Sciences. **Spain.** - Cadiz ..................Observatory. - Madrid ...............Royal Academy of Sciences. **Sweden and Norway.** - Drontheim .............Royal Society of Sciences. - Stockholm .............Royal Academy of Sciences. **Switzerland.** - Geneva ...............Société de Phys. et d'Hist. Naturelle. **United States.** - Boston ...............American Academy of Sciences. - Cambridge ...........Harvard University. - Philadelphia ........American Philosophical Society. - Washington ..........Smithsonian Institution. - Observatory. The fifty Foreign Members of the Royal Society. A List of Public Institutions and Individuals, entitled to receive a copy of the Astronomical Observations (including Magnetism and Meteorology) made at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, on making application for the same directly or through their respective agents, within two years of the date of publication. | Observatories | Institutions | |---------------|--------------| | Altona | Aberdeen University | | Armagh | Berlin Academy | | Berlin | Bologna Academy | | Breslau | Boston American Academy of Sciences | | Brussels | Brunswick U.S. Bowdoin College | | Cadiz | Cambridge Trinity College Library | | Cambridge | Cambridge U.S. Harvard University | | Cape of Good Hope | Dublin University | | Coimbra | Edinburgh University | | Copenhagen | Royal Society | | Dorpat | Glasgow University | | Dublin | Göttingen University | | Edinburgh | Leyden University | | Helsingfors | London Board of Ordnance | | Königsberg | Queen's Library | | Madras | Royal Institution | | Mannheim | Royal Society | | Marseilles | Oxford Savilian Library | | Milan | Paris Academy of Sciences | | Munich | Board of Longitude | | Oxford | Dépôt de la Marine | | Palermo | Philadelphia American Philosophical Society | | Paris | St. Andrews University | | Seeberg | St. Petersburgh Imperial Academy | | Trevandrum | Stockholm Royal Academy of Sciences | | Tübingen | Upsal Royal Society | | Turin | Waterville (U.S.) College | | Vienna | Woolwich | | Wilna | London | Individuals Christie, S. H., Esq. Woolwich. Lubbock, Sir John William, Bart. London. Lowndes Professor of Astronomy Cambridge. Plumian Professor of Astronomy London. President of the Royal Society Aylesbury. Smyth, Rear-Admiral W. H. Kensington. South, Sir James Parsonstown. The Earl of Rosse. A List of Observatories, Institutions and Individuals, entitled to receive a Copy of the Magnetical and Meteorological Observations made at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. | Observatories | Individuals | |-------------------------------|-----------------------------------| | Bombay | Bache, Dr. A. D. | | Cairo | Barlow, P. W., Esq. | | Cambridge, United States | Ballot, Dr. Buys | | | Demidoff, Prince Anatole de | | | Dovè, Prof. H. W. | | | Erman, Dr. Adolph | | | Fox, R. W., Esq. | | | Gilliss, Lt. J. M., U.S. Navy | | | Harris, Sir W. Snow | | | Howard, Luke, Esq. | | | Humboldt, Baron von | | | Kaemtz, Prof. L. F. | | | Kreil, Prof. K. | | | Kupffer, A. T. | | | Lloyd, Rev. Dr. | | | Loomis, Professor | | | Lovering, Professor | | | Melvill, Sir J. C. | | | Pegado, Dr. | | | Phillips, John, Esq. | | | Quetelet, A. | | | Redfield, W. C., Esq. | | | Reid, Col. Sir W., R.E. | | | Riddell, Lieut.-Colonel, R.A. | | | Sabine, Colonel, R.A. | | | Senftenberg, Baron von | | | Vernon, G. V., Esq. | | | Wartmann, Professor Elie | | | Younghusband, Capt., R.A. | | | Washington | | | Woolwich | | | Utrecht | | | Florence | | | Berlin | | | Berlin | | | Falmouth | | | Washington | | | Plymouth | | | Tottenham | | | Berlin | | | Dorpat | | | Vienna | | | St. Petersburgh | | | (Twelve copies for distribution to the Russian Mag. and Met. Obs.) | | Institutions | | |-------------------------------|-----------------------------------| | Bombay | Geographical Society. | | Bonn | University. | | Bowditch Library | United States. | | Cambridge | Philosophical Society. | | Cherckow | University. | | Falmouth | Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society.| | London | House of Lords, Library. | | | House of Commons, Library. | | | King's College. | | | Royal Society. | | | University College, Library. | | Oxford | Radcliffe Observatory. | | St. Bernard | Convent. | | Washington | Smithsonian Institution. | | Woolwich | Office of Mag. and Met. Publication.| CONTENTS. I. On the Constitution and Properties of Ozone. By THOMAS ANDREWS, M.D., F.R.S., M.R.I.A., Professor of Chemistry in Queen's College, Belfast . . . page 1 II. On the Formation and some of the Properties of Cymidine, the Organic Base of the Cymole Series. By the Rev. JOHN BARLOW, Chaplain-in-Ordinary to Her Majesty's Household at Kensington Palace, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-President and Secretary of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, &c. . . . . 15 III. Some Observations on the Ova of the Salmon, in relation to the distribution of Species; in a letter addressed to CHARLES DARWIN, Esq., M.A., V.P.R.S. &c. By JOHN DAVY, M.D., F.R.S., Inspector-General of Army Hospitals . . . 21 IV. On the Effect of Local Attraction upon the Plumb-line at Stations on the English Arc of the Meridian, between Dunnose and Burleigh Moor; and a Method of computing its Amount. By the Venerable JOHN HENRY PRATT, M.A., Archdeacon of Calcutta. Communicated by the Rev. J. CHALIS, M.A., F.R.S. &c. . . 31 V. Discussion of the Observed Deviations of the Compass in several Ships, Wood-built and Iron-built: with a General Table for facilitating the examination of Compass-Deviations. By G. B. AIRY, Esq., Astronomer Royal . . . . 53 VI. A Second Memoir upon Quantics. By ARTHUR CAYLEY, Esq. . . . . 101 VII. Researches on the Partition of Numbers. By ARTHUR CAYLEY, Esq. . . . . 127 VIII. Examination of select Vegetable Products from India. By JOHN STENHOUSE, LL.D., F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 IX. Experimental Researches in Electricity.—Thirtieth Series. By MICHAEL FARADAY, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., Fullerian Prof. Chem. Royal Institution, Foreign Associate of the Acad. Sciences, Paris, Ord. Boruss. Pour le Mérite, Eq., Memb. Royal and Imp. Acad. of Sciences, Petersburgh, Florence, Copenhagen, Berlin, Göttingen, Modena, Stockholm, Munich, Bruxelles, Vienna, Bologna, Commander of the Legion of Honour, &c. &c. . . . . . . . . . . . 159 X. Researches on the Foraminifera. By William B. Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. &c. .... page 181 XI. Further Researches on the Polarity of the Diamagnetic Force. By John Tyndall, F.R.S., Membre de la Société Hollandaise des Sciences; Foreign Member of the Physical Society of Berlin, and Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Royal Institution .......................................................... 237 XII. On Axes of Elasticity and Crystalline Forms. By William John Macquorn Rankine, C.E., F.R.S.S. Lond. and Edin. ......................................................... 261 XIII. Introductory Research on the Induction of Magnetism by Electrical Currents. By J. P. Joule, F.R.S., Corr. Mem. R.A., Turin, Hon. Mem. of the Philosophical Society, Cambridge, &c. ................................................................. 287 XIV. Account of Pendulum Experiments undertaken in the Harton Colliery, for the purpose of determining the Mean Density of the Earth. By G. B. Airy, Esq., Astronomer Royal .......................................................................................... 297 Supplement to the "Account of Pendulum Experiments undertaken in the Harton Colliery;" being an Account of Experiments undertaken to determine the Correction for the Temperature of the Pendulum. By G. B. Airy, Esq., Astronomer Royal .......................................................... 343 XV. On Periodical Laws discoverable in the Mean Effects of the larger Magnetic Disturbances.—No. III. By Colonel Edward Sabine, R.A., D.C.L., Treas. and V.P.R.S. .................................................................................................. 357 XVI. On the ultimate arrangement of the Biliary Ducts, and on some other points in the Anatomy of the Liver of Vertebrate Animals. By Lionel S. Beale, M.B., Professor of Physiology in King's College, London; Physician to King's College Hospital. Communicated by F. Kiernan, Esq., F.R.S. ........................................... 375 XVII. On the Enumeration of x-edra having Triedral Summits, and an (x—1)-gonal Base. By the Rev. Thomas P. Kirkman, M.A. Communicated by A. Cayley, F.R.S. .................................................................................................. 399 XVIII. On the Representation of Polyedra. By the Rev. Thomas P. Kirkman, M.A. Communicated by A. Cayley, F.R.S. ................................................................ 413 ERRATA. Page 264, line 1, for strains read stresses. Page 270, line 34, for and minima read or minima. Contents. XIX. On the Structure, Functions, and Homologies of the Manducatory Organs in the Class Rotifera. By Philip Henry Gosse, Esq. Communicated by Thomas Bell, V.P.R.S., Pres. L.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 419 XX. Researches on the Action of Sulphuric Acid upon the Amides and Nitriles, together with Remarks upon the Conjugate Sulpho-acids. By George B. Buckton, Esq., F.L.S., F.C.S., and A.W. Hofmann, LL.D., Ph.D., F.R.S. &c. 453 XXI. Elements of a Mathematical Theory of Elasticity. By Professor William Thomson, M.A., F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 XXII. On the Lunar-Diurnal Magnetic Variation at Toronto. By Major-General Edward Sabine, R.A., D.C.L., Treas. & V.P.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 XXIII. Account of the Construction of a Standard Barometer, and Description of the Apparatus and Processes employed in the Verification of Barometers at the Kew Observatory. By John Welsh. Communicated by J. P. Gassiot, Esq., F.R.S., Chairman of the Kew Observatory Committee of the British Association . 507 XXIV. On the Presence of Fibrils of Soft Tissue in the Dentinal Tubes. By John Tomes, F.R.S., Surgeon-Dentist to the Middlesex Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 XXV. On the Problem of Three Bodies. By the Rev. J. Challis, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy in the University of Cambridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 XXVI. Researches on the Foraminifera. By William B. Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 XXVII. On the Megatherium (Megatherium Americanum, Cuvier and Blumenbach). Part III.—The Skull. By Professor Owen, F.R.S. &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 XXVIII. On the Deflection of the Plumb-line at Arthur’s Seat, and the Mean Specific Gravity of the Earth. Communicated by Lieutenant-Colonel James, R.E., F.R.S., M.R.I.A. &c., Superintendent of the Ordnance Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 XXIX. *On the Figure, Dimensions, and Mean Specific Gravity of the Earth, as derived from the Ordnance Trigonometrical Survey of Great Britain and Ireland.* Communicated by Lieutenant-Colonel James, R.E., F.R.S. &c., Superintendent of the Ordnance Survey ........................................... page 607 XXX. *A Third Memoir upon Quantics.* By Arthur Cayley, Esq. .................................................. 627 ERRATUM. Page 618, line 19, for Makerstown read Brisbane. ADJUDICATION of the Medals of the Royal Society for the year 1856 by the President and Council. The Copley Medal to M. Henri Milne-Edwards, for his Researches in Comparative Anatomy and Zoology. The Rumford Medal to M. Louis Pasteur, for his Discovery of the Nature of Racemic Acid and its relations to Polarized Light, and for the Researches to which he was led by that discovery. A Royal Medal to Sir John Richardson, for his Contributions to Natural History and Physical Geography. A Royal Medal to Professor William Thomson, for his various Physical Researches, relating to Electricity, to the Motive Power of Heat, and to other subjects. The Bakerian Lecture was delivered by Professor William Thomson, F.R.S., and entitled "On the Electro-dynamic Qualities of Metals."