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INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS FOR THE YEAR 1854. A. Acid, nitrotoluyllic, products of decomposition of, 43. Acids, osmose of, 225. Air, physical properties of, expressed according to the thermo-dynamic scale, 353; table of specific heats of, 363. Alkalies, osmose of, 225. Atmosphere, effect of pressure of, on the mean level of the ocean, 285. B. Bakerian Lecture, 177. Booth (Rev. J.). Researches on the Geometrical Properties of Elliptic Integrals, 53. C. Cayley (A.). An Introductory Memoir on Quantics, 245. Crystals, musical tones in, produced by heat, 7. D. Donkin (W. F.). On a Class of Differential Equations, including those which occur in Dynamical Problems.—Part I., 71. E. Elliptic integrals, geometrical properties of, 53. Quadrature of the logarithmic ellipse and logarithmic hyperbola, 54. On the rectification of the lemniscates, 61. On the hyperbolic lemniscates, 65. Embryo, body and head of, produced from definite portions of yelk, 240. Axis of, correspondent with primary yelk-cleft, 241. INDEX. Engines, Thermo-dynamic, theory of, 137. Equations, differential, occurring in dynamical problems, 71; examples of, 96. On the equations of rotatory motion, 105. Excrements, organic chemical constituents of, in Man and animals, 265; excretine, a constituent of, 267; effects of alimentation on, 268; margaric acid in, 272; colouring matter in, 273; excretoleic acid in, 275; of carnivorous animals, 276; of herbivorous animals, 279; of granivorous animals, 281; differences in, 282. Excretine, a constituent of human faeces, 267; sulphur contained in, 267-270; probable formation, 268; not a constituent of animal faeces, 282. Excretoleic acid, 275. F. Fluids in motion, thermal effects of, 321. G. Graham (Thomas). On Osmotic Force, 177. H. Hassall (A. H.). On the frequent occurrence of Indigo in Human Urine, and on its Chemical, Physiological, and Pathological Relations, 297. Heat, geometrical representation of expansive action of, 115; isothermal curves, and curves of no transmission of, 116; mechanical equivalent of, 119-143; general equation of expansive action, 123; curves of free expansion, 130; relation between temperature and actual heat, 147. Heat, mechanical action of, thermometric scale founded on, 350. Hooker (J. D.). On the Functions and Structure of the Rostellum of Listera ovata, 259. I. Indigo, in urine, 297; its relation with haematin and urine-pigment, 305; an elimination of carbon from the system, 307. J. Joule (J. P.) and Thomson (W.). On the Thermal Effects of Fluids in Motion, 321; variations in cooling effect, 322; causes of fluctuation of temperature, 323; experiments in tubes plugged with cotton wool, 325; with plug of silk, 327; cooling effects on carbonic acid, 329; on hydrogen, 334; influence of temperature on cooling effect, 335; relation between the heat evolved and work spent in compressing a gas, 337; density of saturated steam, 344; evaluation of Carnot's function, 348; absolute thermometric scale founded on the mechanical action of heat, 350; physical properties of air according to the absolute thermo-dynamic scale, 353; table of specific heats of air, 363. L. Lemniscates, on the rectification of, 61. Light, theory of vibrations of, 11; harmonic resonance of, 13; determinations of component and secondary waves of, 20; elucidation of optical laws, 33. Listera ovata, functions and structure of the rostellum of, 259. M. MarceT (W.). An Account of the Organic Chemical Constituents or Immediate Principles of the Excrements of Man and Animals in the Healthy State, 265. Metals, musical tones in, produced by heat, 4. N. Newport (G.). Researches on the Impregnation of the Ovum in the Amphibia; and on the Early Stages of Development of the Embryo, 239. Nitrotoluylic acid, products of the decomposition of, 48; nitrotoluylamide, 44; action of reducing agents on, 46; tolyl-urea, 48; carbo-toluylic acid, 50. Noad (H. M.). On some of the Products of the Decomposition of Nitrotoluylic Acid, 43. O. Osmometer, description of, 185. Osmose, phenomena of, 178. Osmotic force, definition of, 177; osmose, how produced, 178; not an effect of capillarity, 180; evidence of chemical activity, 183; electrical endosmose, 184; description of osmometer, 185; osmose in membrane and in earthenware compared, 187; effects with different acids, 191; tables of experiments with alcohol, 194; osmose of sugar, 195; of sulphate of magnesia, 199; of chloride of sodium, 201; of chlorides of barium and calcium, 204; of potassium and sodium, 205; of carbonate of potash, 206; of sulphates of potash and soda, 211; of oxalate of potash, &c., 213; of barium, strontium, &c., 215; of acetate of alumina, 217; of magnesian chlorides, 219; of nitrate of lead, 221; of various metals, 222; of nitrate of uranium, 223; solutions of mercury, 223; opposite results with acid and alkaline salts, 225; unosmotic salts, 226; osmose in living membrane, 227. Ovum, impregnation of, in the Amphibia, 229; method of observation, 230; penetration of yolk by spermatozoa demonstrated, 232; appearances of the yolk after fecundation, 234; production of the body and head of the embryo, 240; primary cleft correspondent with axis of future embryo, 241; power of spermatozoon to influence direction of primary cleft, 242. P. Pollock (Sir F.). On certain Properties of square numbers and other quadratic forms, with a Table of odd numbers from 1 to 191, divided into 4, 3 or 2 square numbers, the algebraic sum of whose roots (positive or negative) may equal 1, by means of which Table all the odd numbers up to 9503 may be resolved into not exceeding 4 square numbers, 311. Power (J.). Theory of the Reciprocal Action between the Solar Rays and the different Media by which they are reflected, refracted, or absorbed; in the course of which various optical laws are elucidated and explained, 11. Q. Quantics, definition of, 245; examples of, 247; the covariants of, 250. R. Rankine (W. J. M.). On the Geometrical Representation of the Expansive Action of Heat, and the Theory of Thermo-dynamic Engines, 115. Ross (Capt. Sir J. C.). On the Effect of the Pressure of the Atmosphere on the Mean Level of the Ocean, 285. Rotatory motion, equations of, 105. S. Solar rays, reciprocal action of, 11; vis viva, different phenomena and definition of, 12; greatest in the incident wave, 13; equations for the determination of, 15; statical equivalent of reflected and refracted rays, 18; demonstration that transmitted solar rays are accompanied by a diminution of the refractive index, 25; effect of absorption antagonistic to chromatic dispersion, 32; explanation of rotatory phenomena of polarization, 35. Spermatozoom, method for observing its penetration of ovum, 230; proofs of penetration, 232; influence of, in the direction of the primary yelk-cleft, 242. Square numbers, certain properties of, 311. Steam, saturated, on the density of, 344. T. Thermo-dynamic engines, theory and efficiency of, 137; efficiency between given limits of actual heat, 139; of the use of the economiser or regenerator, 140; advantage of a regenerator, 143; of temperature, and mechanical hypothesis of molecular vortices, 146; relation between temperature and actual heat, 147; numerical computation of efficiency, 149; a heterogeneous mass or aggregate in vapour-engines, 154; absolute maximum efficiency of vapour-engines, 163. Toluyl-urea, 48. Tyndall (J.). On the Vibrations and Tones produced by the Contact of Bodies having different Temperatures, 1; different views concerning, 2; the rocker, 3; tones from substances of the same nature, 4, 5; from the contact of metallic with non-metallic, 7; not dependent on conducting power, 9. U. Urine, indigo in, 297. V. Vibrations and tones, how produced in metals and other substances, 2. 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