Front Matter

ADVERTISEMENT. The Committee appointed by the Royal Society to direct the publication of the Philosophical Transactions, take this opportunity to acquaint the Public, that it fully appears, as well from the council-books and journals of the Society, as from repeated declarations which have been made in several former Transactions, that the printing of them was always, from time to time, the single act of the respective Secretaries, till the Forty-seventh Volume: the Society, as a Body, never interesting themselves any further in their publication, than by occasionally recommending the revival of them to some of their Secretaries, when, from the particular circumstances of their affairs, the Transactions had happened for any length of time to be intermitted. And this seems principally to have been done with a view to satisfy the Public, that their usual meetings were then continued, for the improvement of knowledge, and benefit of mankind, the great ends of their first institution by the Royal Charters, and which they have ever since steadily pursued. But the Society being of late years greatly enlarged, and their communications more numerous, it was thought advisable that a Committee of their members should be appointed, to reconsider the papers read before them, and select out of them such as they should judge most proper for publication in the future Transactions; which was accordingly done upon the 26th of March 1752. And the grounds of their choice are, and will continue to be, the importance and singularity of the subjects, or the advantageous manner of treating them; without pretending to answer for the certainty of the facts, or propriety of the reasonings, contained in the several papers so published, which must still rest on the credit or judgment of their respective authors. It is likewise necessary on this occasion to remark, that it is an established rule of the Society, to which they will always adhere, never to give their opinion, as a Body, upon any subject, either of Nature or Art, that comes before them. And therefore the thanks, which are frequently proposed from the Chair, to be given to the authors of such papers as are read at their accustomed meetings, or to the persons through whose hands they received them, are to be considered in no other light than as a matter of civility, in return for the respect shown to the Society by those communications. The like also is to be said with regard to the several projects, inventions, and curiosities of various kinds, which are often exhibited to the Society; the authors whereof, or those who exhibit them, frequently take the liberty to report, and even to certify in the public newspapers, that they have met with the highest applause and approbation. And therefore it is hoped, that no regard will hereafter be paid to such reports and public notices; which in some instances have been too lightly credited, to the dishonour of the Society. CONTENTS. I. An Account of the Construction of a Fluid Lens Refracting Telescope of eight inches aperture, and eight feet and three quarters in length, made for the Royal Society by George Dollond, Esq. F.R.S. By Peter Barlow, Esq. F.R.S. F.R.A.S. M.C.P.S. Cor. Mem. Inst. France, &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1 II. On the extensive Atmosphere of Mars. In a Letter to His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, K.G., President of the Royal Society. By Sir James South, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 III. Note on the Tides. By J. W. Lubbock, Esq., V.P. and Treas. R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 IV. Experimental Researches in Electricity.—Third Series. By Michael Faraday, D.C.L. F.R.S. M.R.I. Fullerian Prof. Chem. Royal Institution, Corr. Mem. Royal Acad. of Sciences, Paris, Petersburgh, &c. &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 V. On the Relation which subsists between the Nervous and Muscular Systems in the more perfect Animals, and the Nature of the Influence by which it is maintained. By A. P. W. Philip, M.D. F.R.S. L. & E. &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 VI. On the Nature of Sleep. By A. P. W. Philip, M.D. F.R.S. L. & E., &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 VII. On the Existence of Four Distinct Hearts, having regular pulsations, connected with the Lymphatic System, in certain Amphibious Animals. By John Müller, M.D. Professor of Physiology in the University of Bonn. Communicated by Leonard Horner, Esq. F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 VIII. The Bakerian Lecture.—Experimental Determination of the Laws of Magneto-electric Induction in different masses of the same Metal, and of its Intensity in different Metals. By S. Hunter Christie, Esq. M.A. F.R.S. M.C.P.S. Soc. Philom. Paris. Corresp. &c. . . . . page 95 X. Notice of the remains of the recent Volcano in the Mediterranean. By John Davy, M.D. F.R.S. Assistant Inspector of Army Hospitals. . 143 XI. Essay towards a First Approximation to a Map of Cotidal Lines. By the Rev. W. Whewell, M.A. F.R.S. Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Appendix. Meteorological Journal kept at the Apartments of the Royal Society, by order of the President and Council. ADJUDICATION OF THE MEDALS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRESIDENT AND COUNCIL. A Copley Medal, for the year 1832, to Michael Faraday, Esq. D.C.L. F.R.S. Fullerian Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution of Great Britain, for his discovery of Magneto-Electricity, as explained by him in his "Experimental Researches in Electricity," first and second series, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1832. A Copley Medal, for the year 1832, to the Baron Simeon Denis Poisson, of Paris, Foreign Member of the Royal Society, for his Work, entitled, "Nouvelle Théorie de l'Action Capillaire." The Rumford Medal, for the biennial period ending in the year 1832, to John Frederic Daniell, Esq. F.R.S. Professor of Chemistry in King's College, London, for his paper, entitled, "Further Experiments with a new Register Pyrometer, for measuring the Expansion of Solids," published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1831. The Royal Medal, in the department of Astronomy, for the year 1833, to Sir John Frederick William Herschel, K.H. F.R.S., for his paper, "On the Investigation of the Orbits of Revolving Double Stars," inserted in the fifth volume of the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society of London. The Royal Medal, in the department of Physiology, for the year 1833, to Professor Auguste Pyrame de Candolle, of Geneva, Foreign Member of the Royal Society, for his discoveries and investigations in vegetable physiology, as detailed in his Work, entitled, "Physiologie Végétale," and published in the year 1832. CONTENTS. XII. *Magnetical Experiments made principally in the South part of Europe and in Asia Minor, during the years 1827 to 1832.* By the Rev. George Fisher, A.M., F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 237 XIII. *Researches on the Arseniates, Phosphates, and Modifications of Phosphoric Acid.* By Thomas Graham, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.E., Professor of Chemistry in the Andersonian University of Glasgow. Communicated by Edward Turner, M.D., F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . 253 XIV. *On the influence of Colour on Heat and Odours.* By James Stark, M.D., of Edinburgh. Communicated by Sir David Brewster, K.H., F.R.S. 285 XV. *Experimental Researches in Electro-Magnetism and Magneto-Electricity.* By the Rev. William Ritchie, LL.D., F.R.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution of Great Britain and in the University of London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 XVI. *On the Anatomical and Optical Structure of the crystalline Lenses of Animals, particularly that of the Cod.* By Sir David Brewster, LL.D., F.R.S. V.P.R.S. Ed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 XVII. *On the magnetic powers of Soft Iron.* By Mr. Francis Watkins. Communicated by J. G. Children, Esq., Sec. R.S. . . . . . . . . . . 333 XVIII. *On Improvements in the Instruments and Methods employed in determining the direction and intensity of the Terrestrial Magnetic Force.* By S. Hunter Christie, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. M.C.P.S. Soc. Philom. Paris. Corresp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 XIX. *Observations of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, made at Slough,* with a Twenty-feet Reflector, between the years 1825 and 1833. By Sir John Frederick William Herschel, Knt. Guelp., F.R.S. . . . page 359 XX. Experimental Researches in Electricity.—Fourth Series. By Michael Faraday, D.C.L., F.R.S. M.R.I., Fullerian Prof. Chem. Royal Institution, Corr. Memb. Royal Acad. of Sciences, Paris, Petersburgh, Florence, Copenhagen, Berlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 XXI. Experimental Researches on Atomic Weights. By Edward Turner, M.D., F.R.S. Lond. & Ed., Sec. G.S., Professor of Chemistry in the University of London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 XXII. Note on a Paper by Dr. John Davy, entitled “Notice on the remains of the recent Volcano in the Mediterranean.” By Charles Daubeny, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the University of Oxford . . . 545 XXIII. Observations of the Comet of Encke, made in June 1832. By Thomas Henderson, Esq., His Majesty’s Astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope. Communicated, by Command of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, by Captain Beaufort, R.N., F.R.S., Hydrographer to the Admiralty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 XXIV. On the development of the disturbing Function, upon which depend the inequalities of the motions of the Planets, caused by their mutual attraction. By James Ivory, K.H., M.A., F.R.S., Institut. Reg. Sc. Paris. Corresp. et Reg. Sc. Gottin. Corresp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 XXV. On the Figures obtained by strewing Sand on Vibrating Surfaces, commonly called Acoustic Figures. By Charles Wheatstone, Esq. Communicated by Michael Faraday, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S. . . . . . . . 593 XXVI. On the Reflex Function of the Medulla Oblongata and Medulla Spinalis. By Marshall Hall, M.D., F.R.S. L. & E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 XXVII. On the present Situation of the Magnetic Lines of equal variation, and their Changes on the Terrestrial Surface. By Peter Barlow, Esq., F.R.S., Corr. Memb. Inst. France, and of the Imp. and Royal Academies of Petersburgh, Brussels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 XXVIII. Experimental Researches in Electricity.—Fifth Series. By Michael Faraday, D.C.L., F.R.S., Fullerian Prof. Chem. Royal Institution, Corr. Memb. Royal and Imp. Acad. of Sciences, Paris, Petersburgh, Florence, Copenhagen, Berlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 XXIX. The Anatomy and Physiology of the Liver. By Francis Kiernan, Esq., Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, late Teacher of Anatomy. Communicated by Joseph Henry Green, Esq., F.R.S. . . . page 711 XXX. Some Observations on the Economy of Molluscous Animals, and on the Structure of their Shells. By John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S. . 771 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX. Meteorological Journal kept at the Apartments of the Royal Society, by order of the President and Council. ERRATA. Page 144, line 28, for absolvable read absorbable. —— 146, —— 9, for or read on. —— 281, for a terphosphate, a biphosphate, and phosphate of water, read a terhydrate, a bihydrate, and hydrate of phosphoric acid. In Plate XIX. for p. 726. read p. 678. A List of Public Institutions and Individuals, entitled to receive a copy of the Philosophical Transactions of each year, on making application for the same directly or through their respective agents, within five years of the date of publication. In the British Dominions. The King's Library. The British Museum. Sion College Library. The Bodleian Library, Oxford. The Radcliffe Library, Oxford. The Cambridge University Library. The Edinburgh College Library. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh. The University of Glasgow. The University of Aberdeen. The University of St. Andrews. The University of Trinity College, Dublin. The Library of King's Inn, Dublin. The Royal College of Physicians. The Society of Antiquaries. The Linnean Society. The Royal Institution of Great Britain. The Society for the Encouragement of Arts. The Geological Society. The Horticultural Society. The Royal Astronomical Society. The Royal Asiatic Society. The Medical and Chirurgical Society. The London Institution. The Cambridge University Philosophical Society. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. The Royal Irish Academy. The Royal Dublin Society. The Asiatic Society at Calcutta. The Royal Artillery Library at Woolwich. The Royal Observatory at Greenwich. The Observatory at Dublin. The Observatory at Armagh. The Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope. The Observatory at Madras. The Observatory at St. Helena. The Observatory at Paramatta. Denmark. The Royal Society of Sciences at Copenhagen. The Royal Observatory at Altona. France. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Thoulouse. The École des Mines at Paris. The Geographical Society at Paris. The Entomological Society of France. Germany. The University at Göttingen. The Cæsarean Academy of Naturalists at Bonn. The Observatory at Manheim. Italy. The Italian Society of Sciences at Modena. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Turin. Switzerland. The Société de Phys. et d'Hist. Nat. at Geneva. Belgium. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Brussels. Spain. The Royal Observatory at Cadiz. Portugal. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Lisbon. Prussia. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin. Russia. The Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg. Sweden and Norway. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm. The Royal Society of Sciences at Drontheim. United States. The American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia. The New York Philosophical Society. The American Academy of Sciences at Boston. The Library of Harvard College. The fifty Foreign Members of the Royal Society. A List of Public Institutions and Individuals, entitled to receive a copy of the Astronomical Observations made at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, on making application for the same directly or through their respective agents, within five years of the date of publication. In the British Dominions. The King's Library. The Board of Ordnance. The British Museum. The Royal Society. The Bodleian Library, Oxford. The Savilian Library, Oxford. The Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. The King's Observatory at Richmond. The Royal Observatory at Greenwich. The University of Aberdeen. The University of St. Andrews. The University of Dublin. The University of Edinburgh. The University of Glasgow. The Observatory at Oxford. The Observatory at Cambridge. The Observatory at Dublin. The Observatory at Armagh. The Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope. The Observatory at Paramatta. The Observatory at Madras. The Observatory at St. Helena. The Royal Astronomical Society. The Royal Institution of Great Britain. The Royal Society, Edinburgh. The Astronomical Institution, Edinburgh. The President of the Royal Society. The Lowndes's Professor of Astronomy, Cambridge. The Plumian Professor of Astronomy, Cambridge. The Lord Bishop of Cloyne. Francis Baily, Esq. Thomas Henderson, Esq. of Edinburgh. The Rev. Thomas John Hussey. John William Lubbock, Esq. V.P. and Treas. R.S. Captain W. H. Smyth, R.N. of Bedford. Sir James South. Lieutenant Stratford, R.N. Mr. Thomas Taylor, Greenwich. Edward Troughton, Esq. In Foreign Countries. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris. The Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Upsal. The Board of Longitude of France. The University of Göttingen. The University of Leyden. The Academy of Bologna. The American Academy of Sciences at Boston. The American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia. The Library of Harvard College. The Observatory at Åbo. The Observatory at Altona. The Observatory at Berlin. The Observatory at Brussels. The Observatory at Cadiz. The Observatory at Coimbra. The Observatory at Copenhagen. The Observatory at Dorpat. The Observatory at Königsberg. The Observatory at Manheim. The Observatory at Marseilles. The Observatory at Milan. The Observatory at Palermo. The Observatory at Paris. The Observatory at Seeberg. The Observatory at Vienna. The Observatory at Wilna. Professor Bessel, of Königsberg. Dr. William Olbers, of Bremen.